25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About

25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About 25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About 25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About By Ali Hale Obviously, all you truly need so as to compose is a note pad and pen. In any case, there are heaps of programming bundles that can make life simpler for essayists. Anything you desire to have the option to do, there’s more likely than not some product out there to support you. The rundown beneath incorporates the best bundles to assist you with arranging and structure a novel, share archives online with others, design your screenplay or content effectively, limit composing interruptions, improve your English and that's only the tip of the iceberg Community Documents Regularly when composing, you’ll need to impart a record to others †either to request input, or to get them to add to it. These bits of programming permit you to share reports on the web, with the goal that various individuals can approach and alter them. I’ve discovered this extremely effective for accepting criticism from companions on my short stories. Google Docs FREE â€Å"You can without much of a stretch do all the nuts and bolts, including making bulleted records, arranging by segments, including tables, pictures, remarks, recipes, changing textual styles and that's just the beginning. What's more, its free. †¦ Google Docs acknowledges most well known record groups, including DOC, XLS, ODT, ODS, RTF, CSV, PPT, and so forth. So feel free to transfer your current files.† Writeboard from 37 signs FREE â€Å"Writeboards are sharable, online content archives that let you spare each alter, move back to any adaptation, and effectively analyze changes. Use Writeboard to compose solo or work together with others.† Word Processors Microsoft Word $324.99 for Microsoft Office 2007 Standard form $109.99 for Student variant â€Å"Microsoft Office Standard 2007 offers the center Microsoft Office applications, however fundamentally refreshed for quicker, better outcomes. Involved Excel, Word, PowerPoint, and Outlook, this product suite engages you to make top notch reports and introductions, fabricate amazing spreadsheets, and deal with your email messages, schedule, and contacts.† Word Viewer FREE â€Å"View, print and duplicate Word reports, regardless of whether you dont have Word installed.† Open Office FREE â€Å"OpenOffice.org 2 is the main open-source office programming suite for word preparing, spreadsheets, introductions, illustrations, databases and that's only the tip of the iceberg. It is accessible in numerous dialects and deals with every single normal PC. It stores every one of your information in a universal open standard organization and can likewise peruse and compose records from other basic office programming bundles. It very well may be downloaded and utilized totally for nothing out of pocket for any purpose.† As a hard-up understudy (who liked to burn through cash on alcohol than programming), I utilized Open Office all through my degree, and thought that it was an incredible option to Microsoft Office. It’s an entire office suite, so can likewise be utilized to supplant Excel, Powerpoint and that's just the beginning. AbiWord FREE Acclaimed open source word processor, and perfect for somebody searching for a light and conservative programming. It accompanies all the fundamental highlights that you would anticipate from a word processor, and it additionally underpins various dialects and working frameworks. Fiction: Writing Novels and Screenplays On the off chance that you’ve attempted a touch of fiction and you need some assistance with composing longer pieces, there are various programming bundles you should give it a shot. Here’s some respectable, settled ones: New Novelist $54.99 download, $59.99 download and CD â€Å"If you’ve ever attempted to compose a novel (or even just idea about it), you know the daily practice. You just can’t set up everything. You’ve got the chance to work bit by bit to compose an incredible book, isn't that so? NOT ANYMORE! NewNovelist Software has turned the creative cycle on its head. With this progressive programming, you can compose your novel the manner in which you need to.† I utilized form 1.0 of this myself, and it certainly helped me with my reality building and pre-composing notes. None of the twelve structures it recommended very worked for the novel I was arranging, however you can change the headings to go for whatever you might prefer. Character Pro (Now called Character Writer, see underneath) 60 days free, at that point $69.99 â€Å"Character Pro puts a demonstrated framework for understanding human conduct readily available The Enneagram to make a character spine for your character. However, that is just the start. Character Pro detaches each piece of the character, gives apparatuses and broad assistance records to manage you to a balanced, mind boggling and practical character.† Fast Story (Now called Character Writer, see beneath) $49.99 â€Å"Create an essential story structure with the Story Generator at that point utilize the tree to sort out your structure while you build up the story in the alter box on the right. Essentially intuitive or embed and erase story things until your story is impeccably structured.† Character Writer $69.99 This rendition consolidates highlights of both Character Pro and Quick Story, and is Java Based (so runs on practically any framework), for $69.99. Scholars Cafã © Demo form free, $45 download,  £32.90 (approx $65) on CD. â€Å"Writers Cafã © is a product toolbox for all fiction journalists, regardless of whether experienced or simply beginning. The core of Writers Cafã © is StoryLines, an incredible yet easy to utilize story improvement instrument that drastically quickens the creation and organizing of your novel or screenplay.† Composing: Organizing and Formatting your Manuscript Perhaps the greatest cerebral pain for fiction journalists is reaching the finish of an undertaking just to understand that each scene or part is in a different document (and once in a while in various arrangements), and that arranging this all †and altering it to coordinate publication shows †is going to take ages. These bundles can assist you with keeping things sorted out: Celtex FREE â€Å"Celtx is the universes first completely coordinated answer for media pre-creation and cooperation. It replaces antiquated paper, pen cover media creation with a computerized way to deal with composing and sorting out that is increasingly finished, less complex to work with, and simpler to share.† Scrivener 30 days free, at that point $39.99 Macintosh Only â€Å"Scrivener is a word processor and venture the board device made explicitly for scholars of long messages, for example, books and examination papers. It wont attempt to disclose to you how to compose it just makes all the apparatuses you have spread around your work area accessible in one application.† Limit Distractions When Writing On the off chance that you’re anything like me, interruptions come up continually when attempting to compose. Regardless of whether your concern is moment emissary, web perusing, email, or simply utilizing all the extravagant arranging highlights on your promise processor, a less complex composing condition can be the arrangement. Wordpad FREE In the event that you’re running Windows, this in all likelihood came free with your PC. A few people discover all the additional fancy odds and ends of a full wordprocessor diverting when composing. On the off chance that you experience difficulty hunkering down to compose, Wordpad permits arranging (intense, italics, and so forth) and can be simpler to use than Word. Compose Room Free preliminary, at that point $25. Macintosh as it were. â€Å"For individuals who appreciate the straightforwardness of a typewriter, yet live in the computerized world. WriteRoom is a full-screen composing condition. Dissimilar to the jumbled word processors youre used to, WriteRoom is just about you and your text.† Dull Room FREE Windows adaptation of Write Room Both Write Room and Dark Room have a retro vibe of green content on dark foundation (however you can change the foundation of Write Room). I’ve utilized Dark Room when experiencing an extreme episode of lingering on my novel, and would surely suggest it. Logical Writing For particular kinds of composing, for example, making logical documentation, typical word preparing programming may not be sufficient. Latex FREE â€Å"LaTeX is a great typesetting framework; it incorporates highlights intended for the creation of specialized and logical documentation. LaTeX is the true standard for the correspondence and distribution of logical documents.† Improving your English (for local and non-local speakers) The spelling and language registers worked with word processors can regularly come up short. On the off chance that your English is insecure, or if you’re learning English as an unknown dialect, you should put resources into programming intended to assist you with improving your language structure and style. JaLingo FREE This cool little program will carry a convenient word reference to your work area, that you can use to affirm spelling of words or to check their implications. The benefit of JaLingo is that it is OS free, so it will work easily on most PCs. WhiteSmoke $79.99 for â€Å"General† variant, $99.99 for â€Å"Business† form other particular ones. Official composing variant normally $250 yet presently $125. â€Å"WhiteSmoke is an inventive programming apparatus that improves and alters your English composition. In view of protected normal language handling (NLP) innovation, WhiteSmoke performs progressed and setting based English sentence structure, spelling, and accentuation checking, just as text improvement to upgrade your writing.† StyleWriter $160, which incorporates a â€Å"Software for writers† CD â€Å"Designed by columnists, editors and business composing mentors, StyleWriter gives you the aptitudes of a decent editorial manager. Just snap the StyleWriter button in Microsoft Words or WordPerfects toolbar (or any clipboard text) to dispatch a check for a huge number of shortcomings and negative behavior patterns found recorded as a hard copy. Cutting the overabundance words, disentangling and explaining your style, checking for good English utilization - altering is simple with StyleWriter.† Composing Software After a mis-spent youth playing on the web text games, I figured out how to contact type without attempting to, yet I understand

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay

Rise Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay In the eighteenth century, the Grand Viziers and leaders were commonly Turkish root. The Turkification of the organization in the Ottoman Empire in these years spread over workmanship and social fields. These enhancements made ready for Turkish patriotism in the next hundreds of years. During the eighteenth century, patriotism was a philosophy which was found in the Balkans.â [1]â As inspecting the development of Turkish patriotism, clearly it is far later than its Western partner. There were a few reasons prompted this deferral. Initially, Turks were the principle component of the Ottoman Empire that could have forestalled them. In the event that the Turks had understood the Turkish patriotism, others may have been impacted. National talk on Turkism would have shaken the set up request in the limits of Empire. There is likewise another explanation behind this defer common and work classes didn't happen among the Turks before they did in different countries. Until the nineteenth century, Turk as an idea had negative meaning.â [2]â The start of the idea of Turkish patriotism followed back to the Turcology concentrates in the nineteenth century in Europe. Particularly the semantic highlights of the different Turkish gatherings were underscored. The investigations of European Turcologists works were full of feeling on Ottoman scholarly people while they were attempting to stop the decay of the Empire. [3] These Turcology considers were one of the most critical sources both in the rise of Turkish patriotism and Pan-Turanism. The possibility of patriotism likewise developed among the Muslims in Russia particularly the Tatars of Volga before Turks in the Empire. As the purposes behind that considered; they were the most exceptional ethnic gathering in the Muslims of Russia. Despite the fact that they experienced Russian concealment for quite a long time, with Catherine II this circumstance has changed and Tatars increased a strict and common self-rule. Among the Tatar people group merchants class rose nonetheless; the Turks in the Ottoman Empire included no unique spot inside the millet framework and they just have been the prevailing country with different Muslims, for example, Arabs, Kurds and Albanians. All the more significantly, between these countries there were no ethnic obstructions and Turks in the Empire have acknowledged Islam as their life style.â [4]â Consequently, despite the fact that there were thoughts of patriotism which were realized by Greek freedom and Serbian self-rule, Turkish-Ottoman awareness was absent around then. With the Ottoman Russian War in 1877-1878 enormous quantities of Tatars, Azerbaijanis and Caucasian Turks relocated to the Empire. The Turkish erudite people that fled to Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism started to spread out.â [5]â As it was expressed before this philosophy was united by the effect of Western thoughts and through crafted by Turcologists in Europe , who indicated the Turks that they had a place with such an antiquated country. Crafted by Western Turcologists was later trailed by that of Turkish scholarly people. In a universe of confusion and imbalances, numerous Ottoman savvy people were affected by the charms of patriotism. They received a romanticized picture of the country ascending from the remains of a wanton empire.â [6]â Be that as it may, Turkish national talk didn't increase full political substance and point until 1908 which was the date of the Constitutions statement. This overall postponement of political debate on Turkish patriotism was not because of the numbness of the civil servants and scholarly people towards the issue of sparing of the state.â [7]â As we assess strategically, the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian Wars, Germany and some Balkan countries cozy connections and the mistake came about because of belief systems of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Ottomanism and ultimately, Ottoman intelligent people activities contradicted to the civil servants of Tanzimat ere and changes were all the purposes for the development of Turkish patriotism in the Ottoman Empire as an option in contrast to two philosophies that were clarified in the past pieces of our paper. Every one of these advancements arranged and framed the conditions for Turkish nationalism.â [8]â G. Container TURKISM Container Turkism alludes to political, social and ethnic solidarity of all Turkic-speakingâ people. Before clarifying acts of Pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire, perceptible characters in this issue will be referenced. One of the most compelling and huge character on the issue of Pan-Turkism in the Russian Empire. He was among the Tartar of Kazan district. In the periodical Tã ¼rk, his acclaimed article was distributed. ÃÅ"c Ter-I Siyaset is viewed as the fundamental show of Pan-Turkism. He looked at the 3 belief systems that Union and Progress Party sought after. Subsequently, he bolstered Turkish patriotism as a choice to skillet Ottomanism and dish Islamism. Though customary Ottoman first class discovered Akã §uras new Turkish patriotism as improper, Unionist system received it later. As per them, skillet Turkism was an intend to remunerate the Empires African and European misfortunes by Turkification arrangement at Empire and in Asia over the Turkic society. [9] Yusuf Akcura (1904), in his notable article on the 3 belief systems expressed that: By such an arrangement all Turks living in the Ottoman Empire would be consummately joined by both ethnic and strict bonds and the other non-Turkish Muslim gatherings who have been as of now Turkified to a limited degree would be further assimilated.â [10]â He additionally analyzed the favorable circumstances and detriments of dish Turkism strategy over the Empire. He proposed that primary assistance of this strategy would be unification of the considerable number of Turks who are being spread over Asia and the Eastern Europe, have a place with a similar language gatherings, ethnicity and religion. Among the other extraordinary countries, more prominent national and political solidarity would be made. In this solidarity, Ottomans would be the most impressive and humanized of all the Turkish social orders. Among the ethnicities of Caucasian and the East Asian, a Turkish world appeared. But these focal points, there was weakness of this approach can prompt the partition of the non-Turkish Muslims from the Empire. As a result, the Muslims would be separated into Turks and non-Turks.â [11]â Besides, another supporter of the Pan-Turkist belief system among the Turks in Russia was Äâ °smail Gaspã„â ±ralã„â ± who is a Crimean Tatar. He expressed his thoughts in the Crimean paper Tercã ¼man with the adage of solidarity in language, thoughts, deeds. He upheld idea of Turkism as well as Islam and Westernization. Despite the fact that he was supportive of Turkish patriotism, he had abstained from defining a political Turkish personality and he had shaped this associations social and social foundation , while leaving the political association to others.â [12]â It tends to be deduced that in Ottoman Empire Pan-Turkism was for the most part overwhelmed in the writing area. Particularly between the Russian War and Greek War, thought of Turkish patriotism was treated by Ã… Ã… ¾emseddin Sami, Necib Asã„â ±m and Veled Çelebi subterranean insect may of the Turkist scholarly and authors.â [13]â G.1. Dish TURKISM AS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY IN THE EMPIRE Until the years 1912-1913 that Balkan Wars happened different approaches sought after rather than Pan-Turkism. 1908 Revolution balanced the method of looking the Turks and Pan-Turkist development got well known. The explanation for this prevalence was the persistent endeavors of Great powers that meddled in the undertakings of the Ottoman Empire. The avocation of these intercessions was security of the minorities. Therefore, youthful savvy people embraced Turkish patriotism. The principal endeavor of skillet Turkist development was following from the 1908 Constitutional Period. On 7 January 1909, Turkish Association was established. It was a social affiliation and Armenians, a portion of the European Orientalists were additionally among the individuals. With the establishment of these sort of relationship, there distributed a few diaries that had significant job of the advancements in dish Turkism. Because of Turco-Italian War, this patriot development was accelerated.â [14]â The Ottoman scholarly people and civil servants were clearly worried about the eventual fate of the Empire. They were additionally saturated with energetic sentiments on account of the most recent conflictive political turns of events. In the resistance wing, the Young Turks had unequivocally given themselves to Pan-Turkism. They imagined that household and present day changes must be accomplished through radical basic changes, not through impersonation of western foundations. Political Turkism was the last ideological response of the Young Turks. They protected the belief system of Ottomanism instead of political Turkism much after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 since Ottomanism was all the more encouraging in keeping the solidarity of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Young Turks cared for the Turkish components of the Empire and pronounced Turkish language as the official language in 1909, they never upheld political Turkism as an answer for the issues of the Empire. For th em, the most significant target was to keep the solidarity of every single ethnic component under the support of the Ottoman Empire, which Ottomanism was the best ideological device for this end.â [15]â Clearly Committee of Union and Progress built up the awareness of Turkish patriotism as political association. CUP governments most significant advance towards a patriot arrangement was the acknowledgment of Turkish language as the official language of the Ottoman culture which in the end would be instructed to every single Ottoman resident. These applications were done not for the sake of Turkism, however of secularism and Westernism. Utilization of a patriot arrangement on a common line was normal in the Ottoman Empire since the rise of the Pan-Turkist thoughts, as well, As an outcome, at one of the gathering congress Union and Progress favored Turkish patriotism in 1911.â [16]â There wer

Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis Basics Print Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 21, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prevalence Types Signs and Symptoms Causes Complications Diagnosis Treatment View All Back To Top Mental illness refers to mental health conditions that have a negative effect on the way an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. Just like the phrase “physical illness” might describe a vast array of physical health conditions, mental illness encompasses many different types of mental health problems. Verywell / Jessica Olah Prevalence The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that one in five adults in the United States experiences a mental illness in any given year. That means almost 20 percent of the population has a mental illness. These are broken down into two categories: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI), a smaller and more severe group.   An estimated one in 25 adults in the United States experiences Serious Mental Illness in any given year that interferes with or limits one or more major life activity. Some mental illnesses, such as ADHD, begin during childhood. Other mental illnesses, like schizophrenia, are likely to become apparent during adolescence or young adulthood. Some mental illnesses, like certain anxiety disorders, may begin at any age. They may be sparked by a stressful life experience or symptoms may appear for no apparent reason. It’s also possible to have more than one mental illness at a time. For example, someone with generalized anxiety may also have ADHD. Or, someone with anorexia nervosa may also have depression. Types The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes several hundred specific mental illnesses or disorders. They are broken down into specific classes or types. The classes include: Neurodevelopmental disorderSchizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disordersBipolar and related disordersDepressive disordersAnxiety disordersObsessive-compulsive and related disordersTrauma and stressor-related disordersDissociative disordersSomatic symptom and related disordersFeeding and eating disordersElimination disordersSleep-wake disordersSexual dysfunctionGender dysphoriaDisruptive, impulse-control and conduct disordersSubstance-related and addictive disordersNeurocognitive disordersPersonality disordersParaphilic disordersOther mental disorders Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of mental illnesses vary greatly depending on the condition. For example, someone with depression may experience decreased  energy and trouble sleeping while someone with an eating disorder may binge and purge. All mental illnesses share this in common: they are associated with significant distress or interfere with a person’s ability to function. In order to meet the criteria for mental illness, generally, an individual’s symptoms must interfere with their social, occupational or educational functioning. Everyone experiences peaks and valleys in their mental health. A stressful experience, such as the loss of a loved one, might temporarily diminish your psychological well-being. But that doesn’t mean you’re mentally ill. Most mental illnesses require that the symptoms last for a certain period of time, such as two weeks. Some individuals have insight into their illness and recognize that they’re experiencing a problem. Someone with an anxiety disorder, for example, will likely recognize that their symptoms are affecting their everyday life. However, someone who has a psychotic disorder may not realize that their thoughts are distorted. In general terms, common symptoms of mental illness may include things such as: Loss of interest in activitiesChanges in sleepChanges in appetiteWithdrawalUnexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachachesDifficulty concentratingChanges in mood Each mental illness has a different set of symptoms, but they tend to involve  changes in thinking, mood, and behavior. If you suspect that you or a loved one has a mental illness it’s important to speak with a physician about your concerns. Causes The exact cause of most mental illnesses isn’t known. Instead, it’s thought that they stem from several different factors. The following are some factors that seem to influence whether someone develops a mental illness: Genetics. Many mental illnesses seem to run in families. Individuals who have a relative with illnesses, like schizophrenia, may be at a higher risk of developing it, for example.Biology. Brain chemicals play a major role in mental illnesses. Changes in neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers within the brain.Environmental exposures before birth. If your mother drank alcohol, used drugs, or was exposed to harmful chemicals or toxins when she was pregnant with you, may be at a higher risk of developing mental illness.Life experiences. The stressful life events you’ve experienced may contribute to the development of mental illness. Enduring traumatic events might cause you to develop conditions, like PTSD or repeated changes in primary caregivers as a child, may cause you to develop an attachment disorder. Complications Mental illness can create a variety of complications in someone’s life. Common complications include: Family conflictLoss of interest in activities that were previously pleasurableSexual dysfunctionIncreased absences at work or schoolDecreased performance at school or workPovertyHomelessnessLegal issuesDrug or alcohol problemsPhysical health problemsIncreased risk of suicideBehavioral issues Diagnosis The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) is the guidebook that is used by professionals to diagnose mental illness. It describes the criteria and symptoms for each mental illness. Mental illnesses may be diagnosed by a physician or a mental health professional, like a psychologist or psychiatrist. To determine whether you have a mental illness, you will most likely be interviewed. A professional will want to understand the history of your illness, the symptoms you are experiencing, and the problems your illness is causing. Family members may also be asked to participate in the interview so they can describe any symptoms they see. Before a diagnosis is made, you may need to undergo a physical exam to rule out physical health issues. Thyroid issues, for example, may cause symptoms of depression or anxiety. You may also be asked to complete questionnaires or to undergo psychological testing. Screening tools or psychological tests may assist a professional in pinpointing your exact diagnosis or help determine the severity of your illness. Treatment Many mental illnesses aren’t curable but they are treatable. Treatment varies greatly, depending on the type of mental illness. Some mental illnesses, such as psychotic disorders, may respond well to medication. Other conditions, like personality disorders, may respond best to talk therapy. Results can also vary greatly on the individual level. If you suspect that you or a loved one may have a mental illness, talk to a physician. The physician may make a referral to a mental health treatment provider for further assessment, evaluation, and treatment. Is Autism a Mental Illness?

What Is the History of the Modern American Economy

The modern United States  economy traces its roots to the quest of European settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The New World then progressed from a marginally successful colonial economy to a small, independent farming economy and, eventually, to a highly complex industrial economy. During this evolution, the United States developed ever more complex institutions to match its growth. And while government involvement in the economy has been a consistent theme, the extent of that involvement generally has increased. The Indigenous American Economy North Americas first inhabitants were Native Americans, indigenous peoples who are believed to have traveled to America about 20,000 years earlier across a land bridge from Asia, where the Bering Strait is today. This indigenous group was mistakenly called Indians by European explorers, who thought they had reached India when first landing in the Americas. These native peoples were organized in tribes and, in some cases, confederations of tribes. Prior to contact with European explorers and settlers, Native Americans traded among themselves and had little contact with peoples on other continents including other native peoples in South America. What economic systems they did develop were eventually destroyed by the Europeans who settled their lands. European Explorers Discover America Vikings were the first Europeans to discover America. But the event, which occurred around the year 1000, went largely unnoticed. At the time, most of European society was still firmly based on agriculture and land ownership. Commerce  and colonization had not yet assumed the importance that would provide an impetus to the further exploration and settlement of North America. But in 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailing under the Spanish flag, set out to find a southwest passage to Asia and discovered a New World. For the next 100 years, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and French explorers sailed from Europe for the New World, looking for gold, riches, honor, and glory. The North American wilderness offered early explorers little glory and even less gold, so most did not stay but rather returned home. The people who eventually did settle North America and drove the American early economy arrived later. In 1607, a band of Englishmen built the first permanent settlement in what was to become the United States. The settlement, Jamestown, was located in the present-day state of Virginia and marked the beginning of European colonization of North America. The Early Colonial American Economy The early colonial American economy differed greatly from the economies of the European nations from which the settlers came. Land and natural resources were abundant, but labor was scarce. Throughout the early colony settlement, households relied on self-sufficiency on small  agricultural farms. This would eventually change as more and more settlers joined the colonies and the economy would begin to grow.

Essay On National Defense Education Act - 1107 Words

National Defense Education Act (NDEA), U.S. federal legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 2, 1958, that provided funding to improve American schools and to promote postsecondary education. The main goal of the legislation was to enable the country’s educational system to meet the demands posed by national security needs. Of particular concern was bolstering the United States’ ability to compete with the Soviet Union in the areas of science and technology. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union shocked the people of the United States by successfully launching the first Earth orbiting satellite, Sputnik. Americas first satellite exploded seconds after liftoff.†¦show more content†¦The criticism of American education, especially its public schools, increased immensely with the launching of Sputnik 1, the world’s first artificial satellite, by the Soviet Union in October 1957. Eisenhower, in his Message to Congress on January 27, 1958, called for matching educational programs with national defense needs and recommended the federal government play an important part in this activity. The NDEA was the result of the enlarged federal role in education (britannica). On the day Sputnik first orbited the earth, the chief clerk of the Senate’s Education and Labor Committee, Stewart McClure, sent a memo to his chairman, Alabama Democrat Lister Hill, reminding him that during the last three Congresses the Senate had passed legislation for federal funding of education, but that all of those bills had died in the House. Perhaps if they called the education bill a defense bill they might get it enacted. Senator Hill, a former Democratic whip and a savvy legislative tactician, seized upon on the idea, which led to the National Defense Education Act (Senate.gov). The Act The purpose of the NDEA was to improve and strengthen all levels of the American school system and to encourage students to continue their education beyond high school. Specific provisions included scholarshipsShow MoreRelatedEssay On National Defense Education Act1109 Words   |  5 Pages National Defense Education Act National Defense Education Act (NDEA), U.S. federal legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 2, 1958, that provided funding to improve American schools and to promote postsecondary education. The main goal of the legislation was to enable the country’s educational system to meet the demands posed by national security needs. 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Evolution Is Result Of Natural Selection - 1300 Words

Evolution is the change in the different types of living organisms which is slow process. Natural Selection is a battle between individuals within species, which results in the survival of those organisms that are better suited to their environment than others. Natural Selection is a mechanism of evolution. There are three conditions of Natural Selection which should meet to be able to survive and reproduce, so they can pass the traits to the next generation. In all species, there are huge numbers of variation in genetic traits which can help them to survive and there are some organisms which have specific characteristics which will help them to survive than other living things. Natural Selection helps species to adjust within the new or existing environment, to able to survive and pass to their offspring. There are competition for resources: However, there are some living things which are better competitors than others which can survive and reproduce. Evolution is result of Natural Selection (Smock 2014). The Italian Wall lizard is the one of the greatest examples of evolution by Natural Selection occurring during the past 200 years. The evolution of the Italian Wall lizard is an example of divergent evolution. In 1971, 10 pairs of Adult lizards were moved by scientist from original island of Pod Kopiste to the islands of Pod MrÄ aru which were nearby (Lord 2011). The lizards were there for decades. After few years, the Italian Wall lizards were compared with their sameShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin and Natural Selection975 Words   |  4 PagesNatural Selection, a key mechanism of evolution is the progressive process by which biological traits either become more or less common in a community or population as a result of inherited traits on different reproductive success of organisms with their environment. Charles Darwin in fact put together an articulate theory of evolution and supported it with a good amount of body evidence in 1859 when he published hi s book. Natural selection is too however a basic mechanism of evolution like mutationRead MoreEssay on The Validity of the Theory of Evolution1539 Words   |  7 PagesSince the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, in which the theory of evolution has risen, people have debated the merits of the theories of creationism and evolution. The theory of is reinforced through scientific studies using DNA, genetics and its mutation, the fossil record and the change in earlier species that has been encountered, and the distribution of related species of animals over a broad geographical range. 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To prevent a species from extinction, it is necessary for them to adapt to the surrounding environment. The species which have the ability to adapt to new surroundings will be able to pass their genes through reproduction. Within the process of natural selection, it is possible for the original genetic make-upRead MoreAre Humans Still Evolving?1556 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract evolution has occurred in humans for millions of years; however, in a modern society many scientists and evolutionists are now debating whether or not it is still occurring, and if it follows the same rules. With all of the new technology humans have created, some experts believe that humans have essentially conquered nature, and no further evolutionary changes will occur. Still, others hold opposing views; some experts believe that evoluti on is still occurring, but modern societal advancementsRead MoreNatural Selection And Its Effect On A Population Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesNatural selection is the process whereby species that are better equipped for survival in their environment are able to prolong their bloodline by reproducing. Advancements in these species, evolution, can be seen as a result of natural selections force. Natural selection can be broken down into three concepts that require it to operate. The first is the constant struggle a species face for survival, which results in the continuation of the successful branches of the species, as the others becomeRead More Argument Against Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin, diversity and complexity of life. I will will disprove evolution by showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary changes, collectively known as microevolution. Nat ural selection cannot drive large evolutionary changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the primordial soup, in which life supposedly evolved, did not exist. Neo-Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into Darwins originalRead MoreEvolution Of Natural Selection Evolution1005 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Selection-Evolution Natural selection is the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) formulated this theory that has stood the test of time. Natural selection is important to anthropology for understanding how species change. Anthropologists emphasize the complexity of evolution and how natural selection is much more than â€Å"survival of the fittest.† CharlesRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisms and those innumerable features that equip them for survival and reproduction, Darwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are phenotypic variants that result in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment. In reference to humans, there are many traits that have been selected and adapted for throughoutRead MoreTheory Of Evolution By Natural Selection896 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was publish in his book title On the Origin of Species 1859†. Darwin express the theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time. This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmental

Robert Frosts Use of Nature In Poetry Essay Example For Students

Robert Frosts Use of Nature In Poetry Essay This essay Is very well written, put together good, and flows smoothly Good Job Robert Frosts Use of Nature In His Poetry In most poetry and literature people can pick out certain characteristics that tend to appear in each piece of the authors work. In the work of Robert Frost he has certain ideas and themes that can be found in many of his creations of literature. Nature is one theme that seems to play a major role In the poetry he writes. He tends to use nature to symbolize something that has to do with human life or situations that humans face. There Is usually a deeper meaning burled In his work. In the poem The Road Not Taken nature comes Into play when he Introduces to the reader two separate paths that the speaker comes upon in the woods. The speaker is faced with the decision of which path he will choose to travel. He has to choose only one path, therefore leaving one that he will not get to experience. The disappointment of the speaker is shown when he expresses that he Is sorry could not travel both (line 2). He also shows his hesitancy of the decision; (Barry 13) when It Is stated Though as for that, the passing here / Had worn them really about the same (line 9-10). It seems as If he is expressing an Inability to turn his back completely on any possibility (Barry 13) of returning when the poems reads Oh, I for another day! (line 13). He also knew that the possibilities of him actually returning to ever walk the path not chosen were very slim. He made a decision and took the other (line 6) path. It is obvious that these two roads in the woods symbolize paths in life and choices that people make in the Journey of life itself. Decisions that people make, large or small, have an impact on their future. The speaker says that the path he choose made all the difference (line 20) his life. Frost does not name specific decisions that are made and he does not tell what the results are. He leaves the option open for the reader to fill in his own circumstances that he has faced life. In lines 16 and 17 the speaker says that in ages and ages hence he would be telling this with a sigh. This shows that the he may be having regrets for the possibilities of the past. is less concerned for the road taken than for the road not taken.

Kennedy-Nixon Debates Essays - Richard Nixon,

Kennedy-Nixon Debates In the Presidential Election of 1960 John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Richard Milhouse Nixon were in a series of debates that were different from past debates. The three biggest national television networks arranged for the debate to be televised on all three stations. The Democratic candidate, Senator Kennedy from Massachusetts, and Vice President Nixon both agreed on the televised debates. Each debate was given a subject matter that the candidates agreed to correspond their answers with the subject. The first debate was for the issues concerning domestic questions, the second was centered around the area of foreign policy, and the third and fourth debates were basically a repetition of previous topics. During each debate four news representatives asked questions to each candidate. On September 26, 1960 the first debate took place in Chicago. The moderator was Howard K. Smith, and his job was to introduce the candidates and controlled the question and answer segments of the debates. He instructed the candidates to give their 8 minute opening speech and their three minute closing speech. The first introduced by Smith was Senator Kennedy. Kennedys concept throughout his opening statement was that the world would move in the same direction that the U.S. moved. That was in regard to how the U.S. moved ahead toward freedom. He also stated that the American people should be aware of the communists, Khrushchev in the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communists, how they were on the move and America had to counter and move towards freedom. Kennedy said that America had to be a strong as possible to keep the world moving in the right direction. Another point he made was the lack of American progression, and the way we werent utilizing our natural resources. I believe in effective governmental action. And I think thats the only way the United States is going to maintain its freedom. Its the only way that were going to move ahead. I think we can do a better job. I think were going to have to do a better job if we are going to meet the responsibilities which time and events have placed on us. We cannot turn the job over to anyone else. If the United States fails then the whole cause of freedom fails. (The First Kennedy Nixon Debate, p.2) After Kennedy was finished Smith announced for Vice President Nixon to give his opening statement. Nixon agreed with Kennedy about the U.S. having to move. Nixon compared his thoughts on Communism to a deadly competition, and that the U.S. was ahead and needed to stay that way. He disagreed with Kennedy because Kennedy said that the U.S. had been standing still, and Nixon pointed out that we had been moving. He stated that our gross national product was the highest in the world, that more schools had been built, we had developed more hydroelectric power, and the wages of people had gone up. Nixon said the programs he supported would give all Americans an equal chance for education, better medical care for elders, and more housing. He quickly shot down Kennedys programs and said that with Kennedy the U.S. would quit moving and go stagnate. One of Nixons major points was the spending of each of the political platforms. He showed that with the Democratic platform would spend eighteen billion more dollars a year than what was currently being spent. Nixon and his Republican platform would only spend five billion dollars more than was being spent. In the final part of his opening he said the difference between he and Kennedy was the means of reaching the goals that the two proposed. After the opening statement the questions then were asked by the news correspondents. One question was, Why do you think people should vote for you rather than the Vice President? (The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate, p.4). Kennedy responded by saying that the programs that he advocates compared to the programs advocated by Nixon was the reason that people should vote for him. One question that was posed for Nixon was, Would you tell us please specifically what major proposal you made in the last eight years that have been adopted by the Administration? (The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate, p.5) Nixon answered by giving very specific examples of what recommendations he made to the President about policy making. Then both candidates gave an answer to the question regarding Communism. Kennedy simply said that they needed to watch and be continually alert to what the communists were doing. Nixon agreed and also stated that the way to fight Communism was to

A Complete Guide to 2019 Interview Questions

A Complete Guide to 2019 Interview Questions The hardest part of preparing for an interview is the unknown factor. Although you can make assumptions about what you’ll be asked, you never know for sure until you’re there on the hot seat. Sure, you’ll be asked about your jobs, your skills, and your experience- but there are lots of different ways any given interviewer can go. While it is impossible to predict with 100% accuracy what might be thrown your way, you can do your best to prepare for the different scenarios you might see on interview day. The most asked interview questionLet’s start with THE interview question. The alpha. Without a doubt, the most  asked  interview question in existence is â€Å"Tell me about yourself.† It’s an easy ice-breaker, and it lets the interviewer start to get a sense of what you’re like as a candidate.Here’s how you can answer it:Tell Me About YourselfYour Elevator PitchThis  will most likely be the first question you’re aske d in any job interview, so it’s absolutely imperative you have your response ready to go.Interview questions measuring personalityUnlike the classic â€Å"Tell me about yourself,† questions measuring personality are a lot more uncommon, subtle, and complex. These are generally questions the employer has tailored to measure your personality and how  it would translate to the responsibilities of  their open position.Here are some examples:Ethical Interview QuestionsBehavioral Interview QuestionsHypothetical Interview QuestionsBrainteaser Interview QuestionsSituational Interview QuestionsProblem Solving QuestionsThese questions can be tricky because it’s not often clear what kind of answer the employer wants to hear. A person hiring someone for an accounting position may consider someone with an introverted personality a better fit for the job than someone who parties it up every Saturday, and vice versa.Interview questions you’re not expectingIt’ s less likely that you’ll be asked any of these interview questions, but as you can never be sure of anything in the interview game.  It’s always a good idea to prepare:Interview Questions You’re Not ExpectingRemember, these questions exist, which means they were all asked at one point or another. Don’t be the interviewee  that gets caught like a deer in headlights when faced with a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"gotcha† question.Here are some additional questions that you might not be expecting:â€Å"How would you fire someone?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s your idea of the perfect day?â€Å"â€Å"You’re driving down a dark road, during a wild storm. You drive past a bench†¦.â€Å"The â€Å"biggest challenge† interview questionIf the interviewer does ask you a question like, â€Å"What’s the most difficult part of being a [current job title]?† or â€Å"What was the toughest part of your last job?† here are ways you can frame your struggles  to make yourself look awesome:The Biggest Challenge Interview QuestionsQuestions relating to salaryThe job application process has a number of separate stages: applying, interviewing, job offer, then salary negotiation and acceptance. Most employers stick to this, and let the money talk wait until things are further along. But if they jump the gun and ask you up front for a) your current salary or b) desired salary, what do you do?Interview Questions Relating to SalaryInterview Questions About Your Current SalaryQuestions about salary are important to keep in mind. More and more states are passing legislation about what potential employers can and can’t ask you about your salary history, so make sure you know what your state’s current policies are, before you hand over that information to an interviewer.Illegal interview questionsOut of ignorance or slyness, an interviewer might try to get information out of you that the company is not allowed to fac tor into their hiring decisions. However, you’re not obligated to answer them- and in fact you shouldn’t.  Your battle plan should be to figure out why they’re asking (whether it has direct consequences for the job itself), and to decide whether you should answer.Illegal Interview Questions11 Unethical Interview Questions You Don’t Need to AnswerRed Flag QuestionsSome of the hardest questions you’ll encounter might be illegal, so it’s important to know what the danger zone questions are, and why you don’t need to answer them. And if there’s an out-of-bounds question being asked, don’t panic. Just say you don’t feel comfortable answering it, and deftly steer the topic to something else you’d like to share about yourself.The hardest types of questionsWhen you’re in the hot seat, all questions thrown your way seem tough. Some, though, are harder than others, like the ones below. Remember: your intervi ewer not only wants to get a good sense of what you will answer, but also how you handle the pressure. Stay cool and take a breath, even when you’re struggling to come up with an answer. Study these questions and prep yourself for whatever might come your way.Tough Interview Questions That Are Very CommonThe Hardest Interview Questions of 2016The 10 Toughest Interview QuestionsHow to Answer the Toughest Interview Questions9 Super-Tricky Job Interview Questions and How to Answer ThemWild card questionsAnd finally, here are some additional questions that did not fall into any particular category, but are very important to prep for:â€Å"Can I contact your current employer?â€Å"â€Å"Why have you had so many jobs?â€Å"â€Å"Aren’t you overqualified for this position?â€Å"â€Å"Why Should I Hire You?â€Å"What you should ask themAnd just when you think you’re done prepping for every possible question you can get in an interview, there’s still more work to be done: you need to prep the questions you’re going to ask too. You should always, always have questions for your interviewer.4 Questions to Ask at the End of an InterviewAsk These 10 Interview Questions to Impress Your Hiring ManagerThe Most Important Question You Need to Ask in an InterviewNow that you’re prepared for what you’ll need to say and ask on interview day, don’t forget to dust off your lucky interview outfit and brush up on that body language as well. Good luck, and happy interviewing!

Earned value management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Earned value management - Coursework Example Work should be broken down into small elements that are appropriate for planning, scheduling, budgeting, progress measuring, cost accounting, and management control. According to Paul & Young (2006), earned value management is aimed at measuring the progress of an activity against a clear baseline. There are three main values calculated for an activity in earned value management. These include; the planned value (PV), the actual cost (AC) and the earned value (EV). To start with, the planned value is referred to as the budgeted cost of the project’s work scheduled. The portion of the cost approved is used for a given activity within a specified period of time. Suppose there is an activity that entails installing of a new server after purchasing. If for instance, it will take one week according to the plan and cost $30,000 for the hardware, labor hours and the software that is involved. The planned value in this case will therefore be $30,000 for that week. The actual cost (AC) on the other hand is referred to as the actual cost of work performed. According to Ray (2006), actual cost precisely refers to the total costs incurred in completing the entire work on an activity for a given period of time. This cost ought to correspond to the budget for the planned value in terms of equipment, material, labor, and the indirect costs. If an activity of installing electricity in a business building costs $80,000 after its completion then the actual cost is $80,000. The earned value (EV) is referred to as the budget cost of work performed (Gary 2001). This is the value of a project that is actually completed. Let’s say for example, a project has a budget cost of $200, and by a given time it is 40 percent finished. The earned value is therefore $80 but scheduled value at that point is $100. This

American History - Utopian Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History - Utopian Movements - Essay Example Several religious and secular Utopian communities arrived in America. Some of the communities include Shakers, Rappites, Oneida community and Brook Farm. According to utopian ideas, a perfect society would have communism. Some of the utopian communities include Mormons; it was established by Joseph Smith in 1830 (Halloway, 1961). Smith advanced the idea of polygamy as part of utopian society. The followers were later prosecuted and murdered. Another Utopian community was Oneida community that was located in New York. The community practiced communism and complex marriages. Every man and woman was free to have sex and accept criticism except Noyes. The society disintegrated when Noyes tried to pass leadership (Halloway, 1961). Another movement was the Shakers that settled in America in 1774. The emphasis was on vegetarianism thus they lived on by farming. The Shakers established eight colonies. They believed in communal ownership of property and religious confession of sins (Halloway, 1961). Members had to adopt children and homes were gender segregated consisting about ten individuals. The Shakers emphasized on celibacy thus the community ended since new members were not coming forth. The Shakers were later associated with most of reform movements like pacifism and abolitionist movements of 19th century. Another group was the New Harmony that was located in Indiana. The community believed in progressive education and community lifestyle. They advanced women equality but the society disintegrated later due to lack of strong central beliefs (Halloway, 1961). Another movement was the Fruitlands that lasted only for six months. It was founded in 1843 by Bronson Alcott. It followed a British reformist model since it forbade free ownership of property. It emphasized on free love and vegetarianism (Halloway, 1961). Children were not supposed to eat meat or use animal products like honey and wool. The movement also prohibited the use of animals for labor. In the farms, the community planted only the crops that grew out of soil so as not to disturb the living organisms under the soil like worms. Most of the members later felt manual labor as inhibiting. Malnourishment due to strict diet of grains made many members to leave. The movement later collapsed in 1844 (Halloway, 1961). Brook Farm was another utopian community based in Massachusetts in 1841, the community strongly advocated for women rights, abolition of slavery and labor rights. The community was based on a 200-acre farm with only four buildings. The community provided free education and residents had to complete 300 days of labor by farming, doing domestic chores and preparing recreational facilities. However, Ripley joined Fourierism movement thus youths had to do the dirty jobs like repairing roads and slaughtering animals. Most of the youths deserted. The community was also infected with smallpox and fire and later collapsed in 1847. Another utopian movement was Pullman’s capit alist utopia. It was founded in 1880s in the town of Pullman by George Pullman. According to Pullman, capitalist was essential in achieving both spiritual and material needs of the community. The employees would receive two paychecks, one for rent and the other for all material needs. There were rigid social classes since experienced employees and managers would live in tenements. Employee grievances and agitation for better pay increased forcing

Impact of the Technological Revolution

Impact of the Technological Revolution 1 INTRODUCTION The role of technological revolution has touched every aspect of peoples lives from shopping to banking. The changes have great impact on services quality and banking activities has enabled the banks to compete in the world markets (Siam 1999-2004, 2006). The banking industry worldwide is witnessing a growing technology driven self-service by way of electronic banking (e-banking) through interacting with customers as a way of increasing productivity. The use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) helps the banks in making strategic decisions by enabling better alignment of business to build better relationship with customers. ICT has enabled banks to provide the following services: Automated Teller Machines (ATM) that have been installed at convenient places for customers to access their accounts anytime. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) that allows different organisations to exchange transactional, financial and business information between their computer systems. Plastic Cards designed to pay for goods and services without necessarily using cash and also to withdraw cash from ATMs located worldwide. Electronic Clearing Service (ECS) is a facility that allows fund transfer from one bank to another electronically. It can be used for bulk or repetitive transfers either by institutions for dividend distribution, salary, etc. and pension, or by individuals for regular payments to utility, loan repayment, etc. Internet Banking as a channel of Electronic Banking (E-banking) allows the customer to do transactions through the banks web page in a flexible mode, i.e. at anytime and anywhere. The flexibility of E-banking is a major benefit to customers because they are able to access the banking services at the comfort of their homes or offices and no more queuing at banks. For the banking sector, E-banking is a big investment on capital and resource though the initial acquisition of relevant infrastructure, standardisation and security are expensive, especially for small banks in developing countries, but not a big problem for big banks in developed countries. These also have to follow the standard legislative and regulatory issues set within a country to protect customers rights, especially the concerning data protection. 1.1 Background of Study The role of internet has become unavoidable to business and society. Businesses and governments worldwide are always working on how to better utilise the internet in order to increase their penetration into the global market (Khan, Mahapatra Sreekumar (2009). Banking sector has seen the use of Information Technology (IT) a better way of reducing the traditional way of investing and moving along the modern technological changes in order to meet up with the global market. The growing changes in technology bring economical and social consequences on our daily life and these changes brought about the Internet. The Internet provides services like, World Wide Web (WWW), Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) which are the core business services of E-banking. The banking sector has embarked on internet banking systems to enable their customers to access their accounts globally and in a flexible mode through their websites. Thi s move to internet banking has seen banks reducing long queues as some customers can serve themselves either through the ATMs or through the website, depending on the type of service they want to perform. Though the banking has embarked on internet banking systems, it has not totally abolished the traditional banking activities. This is to allow those customers who need face to face help to still come to banks to get help on whatever activities or services they need either because they do not trust the web or because they are unable to do not know the technology used and fear to make mistakes. Internet is used world wide for different things, some good and some malicious. This then brings in the issue of trust on the part of both the web site owners and users. Some users still prefer to go and queue in the banks because either they do not trust the web services or are unfamiliar with the systems and therefore feel uncomfortable to use e-banking. Trust should be built in order to encourage more customers to use the web site for their banking service needs. Trust can be categorised into tangible and intangible trust. Tangible trust is an implied trust that can be addressed by the use of digital certificates and SSL protocols and service level granularity. On the other hand intangible trust is something that can be formed or reinforced and is subjective, emotional and has a rational component. Trust can build or destroy the organisations reputation. 1.2 Motivation of Study There has been considerable work carried out in the field of e-banking/e-commerce trust (Smith French 2005); (Khalil 2007), however, there was a gap in their knowledge of cultural gap, especially in developing countries like Botswana. The motivation on this research is as follows: The need to show the importance of localisation of e-banking site as e-banking is a new phenomenon in Botswana. To make further studies on cultures of two ethnic groups within the same country as there have been very little research on this area. This is not the case with developed countries as the studies show that there has been localisation of e-banking to suit their target markets (Singer, Baradwaj and Avery 2007). 1.3 Aim The main aim of this research is to examine how the Tswana and Kalanga ethnic groups of Botswana culturally perceive trust on a B2C e-banking website and to design an e-banking website for each ethnic group. 1.4 Objectives The following objectives will be achieved through this study: A research will be carried out on how cultural background influences the trust and use of e-banking services. To relate the findings of the research in the design process of a web sites that suits the culture for Tswana and Kalanga ethnic groups. 1.5 Research Questions The research study aims to test the following key questions: What is the impact of culture on the contents of e-banking site? How does culture affect online trust in e-banking? Is it necessary to consider culture, trust and usability in designing e-banking website? How does Tswana and Kalanga cultural differences affect e-banking? 1.6 Methodology The research employs both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected through a structured survey which will be an online. The online survey will be through email where a link will be sent to the respondents in Botswana and UK. This method is chosen because it is flexible in that the respondents answer the questionnaires at their own free time and in a flexible mode of their computers. The other important thing is that it is cheaper to administer and responses are received more quickly and also that if there are any errors in the questionnaire it is easier to correct the errors. 2 E-SERVICES AND CULTURE WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP 2.1 E-Commerce and E-Banking The development of Information Technology and the advent of internet have enabled traditional business activities to change into Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). E-commerce is a process that allows businesses and customers (B2C) to exchange goods and services electronically anytime anywhere, and it includes banking, stocks and bonds, retail shopping, movie rentals, etc. E-Commerce has opened a global market where businesses can reach their respective customers quickly and cost effectively (Li et al 2009). For trading to be successful in this virtual world, trust must be considered vital not forgetting culture. E-commerce includes inter-organisational marketing process in which the following relationships are observed: B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumer), and C2C (consumer to consumer). E-banking sometimes called electronic banking or internet banking is a system that allows people to conduct transactions and manage their accounts without necessarily going to the brick and mortar banks. For customers using internet banking to access their account, they need to have personal accounts at the respective banks websites. For e-banking to be effective, banks should invest on IT infrastructure like Hardware, Software, Networking which include connection to the internet. Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and personal computers have reduced the cost in favour of banks on paper work and labour force since customers use self services offered by banks. However, it should be noted that there are still some people who would want to be served by bank officials either because he/she does not know how to operate the banks system, does not trust it or want face-to-face interaction with bank officials. 2.1.1 Benefits of E-Banking Electronic banking or online banking is the most popular means of e-commerce for millions people worldwide. Most banking products and services are now offered over the Internet. Banks have invested in robust information technology practices and secure-transaction technologies that have made electronic banking trustworthy. This has also created some benefits on e-banking as follows: Convenience and flexibility as the customer is able to pay bills, shop and transfer money from anywhere at any time suitable to the customer as long as the customer has access to a personal computer and internet connectivity. There is no strictness of business hours as the services are available 24 hours every day unlike in the traditional brick and mortar where a customer has to observe working hours. Customers are able to manage their customers as they are able to access their accounts and therefore can cross check their accounts anytime. To the customer the only cost associated with e-banking is the cost of the time spent online which is usually charged by the internet provider. There is also time and money saving as customers do not have to travel distances to their respective banks unless on crucial issues. 2.1.2 Limitations of E-Banking As well as electronic banking have advantages there are some limitations too. Below are some limitations on electronic banking. Some bank websites have too much information that confuses the customers and the customer may feel it is a waste of time as he/she does not get the information that he/she wants and may never bother to visit the website again. The financial needs of the customer may not be quickly be predicted and therefore will take some time to be solved, which is an inconvenience to the customer. Hacking and identity theft are on the rise this calls for a certain amount of trust placed on the banks by electronic banking customers. The system should be able to stand against hacking. There is no Face-to-face interaction in electronic banking and some customers still need this type of service that are observed in a traditional bank to quickly solve or answer customers queries. In case of internet failure the customer is unable to withdraw money from his/her account and unable to even use the ATMs or credit/debit cards. Some banks charge for ATM usage by non-customers, therefore if a customer stays where there is not ATM for his/her bank, then he/she will be charged to using the facility of another bank. 2.1.3 Security and Trust Security issues are a major concern for everybody using internet whether for banking purposes or not. There is an increase of security risks in the banking sector as their systems are exposed to risky environments. Confidentiality, integrity, privacy and availability are the core areas of security that banks and financial institutions must address (Jide Awe 2006). This calls for banks and financial services authority to plan ahead in monitoring and managing the security threats. The security threats are classified in three categories; breaches with serious threats (e.g. fraud), breaches caused by casual hackers (e.g. web sites defacement or services denial (e.g. causes of web sites to crash) and flaws in systems design (e.g. genuine users able to see or use another users accounts). These threats cause serious financial, legal and reputational implications to the banks affected. Banks and financial institutions need to put in place security measures to respond to these threats. The security measures need constant update in order for them to cope with the ever increasing and advanced threats. The banks should also have sufficient staff who have security expertise in order to keep on checking and updating the banks systems. These threats bring in customers lack of trust on the electronic banking that is why some customers prefer to queue at banks to get services that they would have otherwise done through the internet. Trust should be built in order to encourage more customers to use the web site for their banking service needs. McKnight, Cummings and Chervany (1998) define trust as an individuals beliefs about the extent to which a target is likely to behave in a way that is benevolent, competent, honest, or predictable in a situation. Trust can be categorised into tangible and intangible trust. Tangible trust is an implied trust that can be addressed by the use of digital certificates and SSL protocols and service level granularity. On the other hand intangible trust is something that can be formed or reinforced and is subjective, emotional and has a rational component. Trust can build or destroy the organisations reputation. Trust is very important and should be the critical area for each bank to consider because if customers do not trust a bank then the bank will be out of business. Trust on e-banking is crucial because it can make the banks to lose money and popularity if hackers are able to access customers accounts. It can be ensured by putting stringent measures on the banks systems and including in its website the symbols/signs and text that will make the customer aware of the security of the website. Some researchers believe that in electronic cyber consumer trust is more important than in traditional transactions (Kim, Ferrin and Rao 2007). There are signs and symbols that are used in the website that indicate to the customer that the site is trustworthy. These trustworthy signs may be explicit and some implicit (French, Liu Springett 2007). 2.1.4 Cultural Models The world is comprised of people with different cultural backgrounds which justifies their behavioural variation. This variation usually shows the different cultures and values of these people. Culture is something that identifies and differentiates one person from another and it is something that is not inherited or from genes but it is learned. The environment in which a person grows usually determines the persons culture because he/she learns the language, the norms and values of the people with which he/she lives. Hofstede (1991) defines culture as the collection of human mind that distinguish the members of one human group or category of people from those of others. The manifestation of cultural differences is formed through a combination of four characteristics: symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. Rituals are sacred things that must be carried out within a cultural environment. Values are cultural things that are mentally stored as one grows up within the cultural environment. Symbols are things like language, pictures/objects and gestures that depicts meaning understood within the same cultural group. Heroes are people respected and considered to be role models within a cultural environment, however, this changes as the child graduate into adulthood. Cultural differences across the world vary according to ethnic groups and also across geographic boundaries. 2.1.5 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede (1984, 1991) identified the following five cultural dimensions which could be used to compare and measure cultural differences. 2.1.5.1 Power Distance Index Power is not distributed equally among the society. This is indicated by some people having more power than others, eg. some people are born kings, chiefs already having that status even at the very early age as toddlers. These people will be respected from that very early age even in way they are addressed. However, the power distance can be measured differently depending on the difference in society. There are those that are termed as large power distance culture where the subordinates do as told and the superior gives instructions and is the only one who decides what is good for the society or organisation. On the other hand there are those that are termed low power distance where there is consultation between the superior and the subordinates. In this category the superior respects the subordinates and entrust them with important assignments believing that they will be successfully completed. 2.1.5.2 Individualism versus Collectivism In individualism can be classified as nuclear family where each individual act independently, making his/her own choices and decisions. As a member of the nuclear family, the individual has to take care of himself/herself and his/her immediate families. On the other hand collectivism can be classified as patrilineal or matrilineal where people, after being integrated into the society at birth, are looked after by extended families. 2.1.5.3 Masculine versus Femininity Division of roles depend on gender, Men must provide for their families and female must take care of the children and the whole family. The assertiveness of men creates dominance over female on economic life within the family irrespective of whether it is an extended or nuclear family. However, in developed countries there are some variations on gender role pattern that enable females to enrol in courses that were initially designed for men and therefore do jobs that were done by men. In some underdeveloped or developing countries where the gender role pattern still exists, women are barred from doing jobs that are considered to be designed for men and women are also barred from enrolling on courses that are designed for men. This gender role pattern is still strictly followed in some underdeveloped countries where men are said to be head of families and thus gives the men all authority over everything that goes on in the family. Woman in such families do not have any say, they are t old what to do, how and when by their husbands and they are not supposed to question the instructions from men. 2.1.5.4 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Most people fear uncertain situations because they cannot predict what might happen in the near future. To minimise this, organisations or societies engage strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and religious and cultural beliefs to protect their organisations or societies. However, avoidance of uncertainty varies according to cultural differences. In high power distance culture, the boss is the only one to make decisions and the subordinates must strictly follow the bosss instructions. Subordinates expect the supervisors to tell them what to do because they regard each other as unequal. In organisations, this is also indicated by the wide salary gap whereas in societies it is indicated by the prestige given to superiors (e.g. chiefs) by their subordinates (e.g. tribes). In low power distance culture there is respect by supervisors over their subordinates. The supervisors entrust subordinates with important assignments trusting that the work will be done efficiently and if there is something wrong the supervisor will not put the blame on the subordinates, but rather takes it upon himself. The society believes people are equal irrespective of their education, religion or wealth. There is more democracy as subordinates views are sought and taken into consideration when making decisions. 2.1.5.5 Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation The long-term orientation versus short-term orientation is a model which came a after Hofstede was convinced by Michael Bond who called this dimension the Confucian dynamism. Values of long-term orientation are more oriented towards future e.g. perseverance and thrift while on the short-term the values are more oriented towards past and present and therefore more static e.g. respect for tradition and reciprocation of greetings, favours and gifts, personal steadiness and stability. 2.1.6 Trompenaars, Hall and Other Cultural Models There are several cultural models most of which overlap into Hofstedes models (Kluckhohn; Trompenaars 2000). Trompenaars developed the below models: 2.1.6.1 Universalism versus Particularism This can be viewed as authority versus consultation. In authority the one who has authority gives instructions and makes decision without the involvement of others whereas in consultation other peoples views are taken into consideration when making decisions. 2.1.6.2 Individualism versus Communicationism Where there is balance between individuals and groups needs. 2.1.6.3 Specific versus Diffuse Relationships Here the business is done on an abstract relationship (contract) or on good personal relationship in order to bring in liking and trust. 2.1.6.4 Neutral versus Affective Communication Styles In this dimension people hide and hold on to their emotions or they show them up in which case they expect some emotional response. 2.1.6.5 Time Orientation Monochromic culture focuses more on performing the task promptly meeting the original plan and prefers to do one task at a time. Polychronic culture tends to e multi-tasking, doing different things at the same time, and emphasis is more on relationship than on tasks. 2.1.7 Halls Cultural Models Hall (1976, 1983) developed the three cultural dimensions in which he describe how people behave. Following are his Cultural Models: 2.1.7.1 Context High Context People are helped by many contextual elements to understand the rules and it is a problem for those who do not understand unwritten rules. Low Context More explanation on rules is done as things are not taken for granted and therefore there is less chance of misunderstanding. 2.1.7.2 Time Monochronic Time is where one thing is done at a time and the concern is achieving the task on schedule. Polychronic Time is where several things are done at the same time (multi-tasking) and here the concern is on relationship and not schedule. 2.1.7.3 Space High Territorial Some people have greater concern for ownership and try to mark their territorial boundaries whether at home, parking space and even in shared offices. Low Territorial People here are not much concerned with ownership of space and for them it less important Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hall did extensive research that enabled them to conduct rankings on countries cultural differences. Hofstede conducted his research on 50 countries whilst Trompenaars conducted his on between 19 and 52 countries though with fewer rankings. Although it does not clearly show whether Hall did any rankings but he did a comparison of cultural dimensions among the French, Americans and Germans. 2.1.8 Tswana Culture Households in the Tswana polities usually take the form of three residential sites: one household in the village, one at agricultural holdings outside the village but not very far from the village (where ploughing takes place) and the last a cattlepost (with kraals for keeping livestock owned by the family). †¢ Power Distance: Tswana tribes greatly respect their elders which is shown especially when the younger ones greet the elders. In Botswana greetings are used to judge somebodys behaviour and greetings are conducted in a certain manner. When greeting an elder, a younger has to stop a bit to show respect and if the younger person is a male wearing a hat, he has to take it off to show respect to the elder. A man also has to take off his hat when getting inside the house as a custom unless the man is a widower. Each Tswana tribe or ethnic group has a Chief (Kgosi) who is helped by paternal uncles and Headmen. The paternal uncles are by virtue of close relationship to the Chief advisors as they are considered to have the royal blood. Kgosis traditional court is called Kgotla, and it is the main customary court within the village where disputes or misunderstandings that could not be solved by Headmen are solved. The Chiefs Kgotla also acts as the Traditional Court of Appeal within th e village, where people who are not satisfied with the Headmens rulings can appeal. Chieftainship is inherited, so for a person to be a chief he/she has to be born from the royal family and not somebody chosen. Most of the Tswana people are Christians as Christianity was brought in Botswana as early as 1845 by a Scotsman named Dr. David Livingstone. The first Christian to be baptized by Dr Livingstone was Chief Sechele of the Bakwena and this was a good sign towards improvement in peoples way of living. For a chief to be a Christian it was easier to convince other chiefs and the people to become Christians. Christianity also contributed a lot to Tswana culture as it reduced the bureaucratic principles where only one person would make decisions for the whole family or tribe and nowadays consultation is the norm. †¢ Individualism versus Collectivism: Collectivism is the norm with the Tswana Culture where somebody has to take care of his/her family and also the extended family like uncles, grandparents, aunts, nephews and nieces. In the olden days class differentiation was very low and mostly invisible because traditionally those who had more cattle would help those who had none by distributing the cattle to those households for management. This helped the families because they would use the cattle to plough with and user their milk to feed their own family. This management of cattle also resulted in people being paid by one cow every six months or every year depending on the agreement between the owner of the cattle and the person taking care of the cattle. However, some people do not want to take the responsibilities of extended families and that is why there are organisations like SOS and other orphanage organisations to take care of orphans and also the government is giving out food r ations on monthly basis to orphans, elderly people and families considered to be very poor. †¢ Masculinity versus femininity: In the traditional Tswana setup masculinity is the norm, roles are distinguished according to gender, and this is clearly visible in traditional ceremonies where men are the only ones to sit on chairs and women sit on mats and also that in meetings men are to speak first and women are to confirm what the men have said. Men were considered heads of the families and therefore their decisions were final and unquestionable. But since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 (United Nations World-Wide Web page 1995) and the government of Botswanas emphasis on equality, some jobs/tasks which were considered to be for males only are now considered unisex. At present there are some women chiefs in some Tswana tribes which traditionally the chieftainship was considered to be for men, even if the chief would die only having daughters that meant chieftainship would be given to one of the partenal uncle s or his elder son. By this the chiefs family would have lost the chieftainship inheritance. †¢ Uncertainty avoidance: Tswana ethnic group used to believe in ancestors and most of them liked to consult traditional healers for different illnesses and protection against evil spirits. Since the introduction of Christian religion through Dr David Livingstone in 1843, most people no longer believe in traditional healing. The staple food for Tswana is sorghum or corn meal porridge which is made thinner for breakfast and thicker for lunch and supper eaten with some relish which may be chicken, meat from goat, sheep or cattle (sometimes pounded), caterpillar known as phane and various wild game and vegetables. But these cultures of food have now shifted a bit but are more common in ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals and also westernised foods are prepared like coleslaw, pumpkin, squash, rice, etc. †¢ Long-term versus Short: Tswana culture used to allow children to go to school only to learn how to read and write. Most female teenagers were taken out of school to go and be married to elderly men as an arranged marriage between the parents without the agreement of the female teenager, but now people find their own partners and marry when they feel they are ready and not pushed. 2.1.9 Kalanga Culture Kalanga tribe is found in the north eastern part of Botswana and some in Zimbabwe, only separated by the border. The Kalanga tribe in Botswana, who are still withholding their culture, are mostly found in different villages within the north east side of Botswana. The Kalanga Language was taught in primary schools until 1972, six years after Botswana gained its independence from the British, and now the Kalanga tribe believe that since the discontinued teaching of Kalanga Language in primary schools their culture has been jeopardised. The staple food for Kalanga is sorghum or corn meal porridge which is always made thick and taken with relish. The relish is comprised of meat (sometimes pounded), caterpillar known as phane and various wild game and vegetables. But these cultures of food have now shifted a bit but are more common in ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals and also westernised foods are prepared like coleslaw, pumpkin, rice, squash etc. Power Distance: The Kalanga, like the Tswana, have chiefs who look after the tribe. Their ancestral belief is very high even if they still do practise Christianity. This is shown in their annual Dombosaha ceremonies and also in their prayers for rain. Their prayers are conducted at the hill call Domboshaba, where they believe their ancestral god Ngwale is. The word Domboshaba means Red Hill Dombo means hill and shaba means red. Bakalaka treat Domboshaba like the Islam treat Mecca, this means Domboshaba is a holly place for Bakalaka. They believe the ancestors are always watching over the living and if the ancestors become upset they are able to send sickness to the living as a sign of displeasure. According to the Kalanga tribe the spirits displeasure is revealed through illnesses, droughts and other calamities and can be appeased only through worship to Ngwale. Individualism versus Collectivism: The Kalanga tribes are still strictly using collectivism as they look after each other or their extended families. Individualism is avoided as their belief is no man is an island. They emphasise on community care which shows collectivism dimension. Uncertainty avoidance: The Kalanga tribes believe in worshipping their ancestral god called Ngwale and they also believe in pleasing Ngwale to avoid punishment. Their belief is that Ngwale is always looking at them and if he is not happy with them, he will punish them by bringing incurable diseases, droughts and other disasters. Due to these beliefs the Kalanga tribe do not want to anger Ngwale in order to avoid the situations of calamities. They also believe in consulting Ngwale go guide them or help them solve some problems for which they have no control of like when there is not enough rain durin Impact of the Technological Revolution Impact of the Technological Revolution 1 INTRODUCTION The role of technological revolution has touched every aspect of peoples lives from shopping to banking. The changes have great impact on services quality and banking activities has enabled the banks to compete in the world markets (Siam 1999-2004, 2006). The banking industry worldwide is witnessing a growing technology driven self-service by way of electronic banking (e-banking) through interacting with customers as a way of increasing productivity. The use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) helps the banks in making strategic decisions by enabling better alignment of business to build better relationship with customers. ICT has enabled banks to provide the following services: Automated Teller Machines (ATM) that have been installed at convenient places for customers to access their accounts anytime. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) that allows different organisations to exchange transactional, financial and business information between their computer systems. Plastic Cards designed to pay for goods and services without necessarily using cash and also to withdraw cash from ATMs located worldwide. Electronic Clearing Service (ECS) is a facility that allows fund transfer from one bank to another electronically. It can be used for bulk or repetitive transfers either by institutions for dividend distribution, salary, etc. and pension, or by individuals for regular payments to utility, loan repayment, etc. Internet Banking as a channel of Electronic Banking (E-banking) allows the customer to do transactions through the banks web page in a flexible mode, i.e. at anytime and anywhere. The flexibility of E-banking is a major benefit to customers because they are able to access the banking services at the comfort of their homes or offices and no more queuing at banks. For the banking sector, E-banking is a big investment on capital and resource though the initial acquisition of relevant infrastructure, standardisation and security are expensive, especially for small banks in developing countries, but not a big problem for big banks in developed countries. These also have to follow the standard legislative and regulatory issues set within a country to protect customers rights, especially the concerning data protection. 1.1 Background of Study The role of internet has become unavoidable to business and society. Businesses and governments worldwide are always working on how to better utilise the internet in order to increase their penetration into the global market (Khan, Mahapatra Sreekumar (2009). Banking sector has seen the use of Information Technology (IT) a better way of reducing the traditional way of investing and moving along the modern technological changes in order to meet up with the global market. The growing changes in technology bring economical and social consequences on our daily life and these changes brought about the Internet. The Internet provides services like, World Wide Web (WWW), Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) which are the core business services of E-banking. The banking sector has embarked on internet banking systems to enable their customers to access their accounts globally and in a flexible mode through their websites. Thi s move to internet banking has seen banks reducing long queues as some customers can serve themselves either through the ATMs or through the website, depending on the type of service they want to perform. Though the banking has embarked on internet banking systems, it has not totally abolished the traditional banking activities. This is to allow those customers who need face to face help to still come to banks to get help on whatever activities or services they need either because they do not trust the web or because they are unable to do not know the technology used and fear to make mistakes. Internet is used world wide for different things, some good and some malicious. This then brings in the issue of trust on the part of both the web site owners and users. Some users still prefer to go and queue in the banks because either they do not trust the web services or are unfamiliar with the systems and therefore feel uncomfortable to use e-banking. Trust should be built in order to encourage more customers to use the web site for their banking service needs. Trust can be categorised into tangible and intangible trust. Tangible trust is an implied trust that can be addressed by the use of digital certificates and SSL protocols and service level granularity. On the other hand intangible trust is something that can be formed or reinforced and is subjective, emotional and has a rational component. Trust can build or destroy the organisations reputation. 1.2 Motivation of Study There has been considerable work carried out in the field of e-banking/e-commerce trust (Smith French 2005); (Khalil 2007), however, there was a gap in their knowledge of cultural gap, especially in developing countries like Botswana. The motivation on this research is as follows: The need to show the importance of localisation of e-banking site as e-banking is a new phenomenon in Botswana. To make further studies on cultures of two ethnic groups within the same country as there have been very little research on this area. This is not the case with developed countries as the studies show that there has been localisation of e-banking to suit their target markets (Singer, Baradwaj and Avery 2007). 1.3 Aim The main aim of this research is to examine how the Tswana and Kalanga ethnic groups of Botswana culturally perceive trust on a B2C e-banking website and to design an e-banking website for each ethnic group. 1.4 Objectives The following objectives will be achieved through this study: A research will be carried out on how cultural background influences the trust and use of e-banking services. To relate the findings of the research in the design process of a web sites that suits the culture for Tswana and Kalanga ethnic groups. 1.5 Research Questions The research study aims to test the following key questions: What is the impact of culture on the contents of e-banking site? How does culture affect online trust in e-banking? Is it necessary to consider culture, trust and usability in designing e-banking website? How does Tswana and Kalanga cultural differences affect e-banking? 1.6 Methodology The research employs both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected through a structured survey which will be an online. The online survey will be through email where a link will be sent to the respondents in Botswana and UK. This method is chosen because it is flexible in that the respondents answer the questionnaires at their own free time and in a flexible mode of their computers. The other important thing is that it is cheaper to administer and responses are received more quickly and also that if there are any errors in the questionnaire it is easier to correct the errors. 2 E-SERVICES AND CULTURE WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP 2.1 E-Commerce and E-Banking The development of Information Technology and the advent of internet have enabled traditional business activities to change into Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). E-commerce is a process that allows businesses and customers (B2C) to exchange goods and services electronically anytime anywhere, and it includes banking, stocks and bonds, retail shopping, movie rentals, etc. E-Commerce has opened a global market where businesses can reach their respective customers quickly and cost effectively (Li et al 2009). For trading to be successful in this virtual world, trust must be considered vital not forgetting culture. E-commerce includes inter-organisational marketing process in which the following relationships are observed: B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumer), and C2C (consumer to consumer). E-banking sometimes called electronic banking or internet banking is a system that allows people to conduct transactions and manage their accounts without necessarily going to the brick and mortar banks. For customers using internet banking to access their account, they need to have personal accounts at the respective banks websites. For e-banking to be effective, banks should invest on IT infrastructure like Hardware, Software, Networking which include connection to the internet. Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and personal computers have reduced the cost in favour of banks on paper work and labour force since customers use self services offered by banks. However, it should be noted that there are still some people who would want to be served by bank officials either because he/she does not know how to operate the banks system, does not trust it or want face-to-face interaction with bank officials. 2.1.1 Benefits of E-Banking Electronic banking or online banking is the most popular means of e-commerce for millions people worldwide. Most banking products and services are now offered over the Internet. Banks have invested in robust information technology practices and secure-transaction technologies that have made electronic banking trustworthy. This has also created some benefits on e-banking as follows: Convenience and flexibility as the customer is able to pay bills, shop and transfer money from anywhere at any time suitable to the customer as long as the customer has access to a personal computer and internet connectivity. There is no strictness of business hours as the services are available 24 hours every day unlike in the traditional brick and mortar where a customer has to observe working hours. Customers are able to manage their customers as they are able to access their accounts and therefore can cross check their accounts anytime. To the customer the only cost associated with e-banking is the cost of the time spent online which is usually charged by the internet provider. There is also time and money saving as customers do not have to travel distances to their respective banks unless on crucial issues. 2.1.2 Limitations of E-Banking As well as electronic banking have advantages there are some limitations too. Below are some limitations on electronic banking. Some bank websites have too much information that confuses the customers and the customer may feel it is a waste of time as he/she does not get the information that he/she wants and may never bother to visit the website again. The financial needs of the customer may not be quickly be predicted and therefore will take some time to be solved, which is an inconvenience to the customer. Hacking and identity theft are on the rise this calls for a certain amount of trust placed on the banks by electronic banking customers. The system should be able to stand against hacking. There is no Face-to-face interaction in electronic banking and some customers still need this type of service that are observed in a traditional bank to quickly solve or answer customers queries. In case of internet failure the customer is unable to withdraw money from his/her account and unable to even use the ATMs or credit/debit cards. Some banks charge for ATM usage by non-customers, therefore if a customer stays where there is not ATM for his/her bank, then he/she will be charged to using the facility of another bank. 2.1.3 Security and Trust Security issues are a major concern for everybody using internet whether for banking purposes or not. There is an increase of security risks in the banking sector as their systems are exposed to risky environments. Confidentiality, integrity, privacy and availability are the core areas of security that banks and financial institutions must address (Jide Awe 2006). This calls for banks and financial services authority to plan ahead in monitoring and managing the security threats. The security threats are classified in three categories; breaches with serious threats (e.g. fraud), breaches caused by casual hackers (e.g. web sites defacement or services denial (e.g. causes of web sites to crash) and flaws in systems design (e.g. genuine users able to see or use another users accounts). These threats cause serious financial, legal and reputational implications to the banks affected. Banks and financial institutions need to put in place security measures to respond to these threats. The security measures need constant update in order for them to cope with the ever increasing and advanced threats. The banks should also have sufficient staff who have security expertise in order to keep on checking and updating the banks systems. These threats bring in customers lack of trust on the electronic banking that is why some customers prefer to queue at banks to get services that they would have otherwise done through the internet. Trust should be built in order to encourage more customers to use the web site for their banking service needs. McKnight, Cummings and Chervany (1998) define trust as an individuals beliefs about the extent to which a target is likely to behave in a way that is benevolent, competent, honest, or predictable in a situation. Trust can be categorised into tangible and intangible trust. Tangible trust is an implied trust that can be addressed by the use of digital certificates and SSL protocols and service level granularity. On the other hand intangible trust is something that can be formed or reinforced and is subjective, emotional and has a rational component. Trust can build or destroy the organisations reputation. Trust is very important and should be the critical area for each bank to consider because if customers do not trust a bank then the bank will be out of business. Trust on e-banking is crucial because it can make the banks to lose money and popularity if hackers are able to access customers accounts. It can be ensured by putting stringent measures on the banks systems and including in its website the symbols/signs and text that will make the customer aware of the security of the website. Some researchers believe that in electronic cyber consumer trust is more important than in traditional transactions (Kim, Ferrin and Rao 2007). There are signs and symbols that are used in the website that indicate to the customer that the site is trustworthy. These trustworthy signs may be explicit and some implicit (French, Liu Springett 2007). 2.1.4 Cultural Models The world is comprised of people with different cultural backgrounds which justifies their behavioural variation. This variation usually shows the different cultures and values of these people. Culture is something that identifies and differentiates one person from another and it is something that is not inherited or from genes but it is learned. The environment in which a person grows usually determines the persons culture because he/she learns the language, the norms and values of the people with which he/she lives. Hofstede (1991) defines culture as the collection of human mind that distinguish the members of one human group or category of people from those of others. The manifestation of cultural differences is formed through a combination of four characteristics: symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. Rituals are sacred things that must be carried out within a cultural environment. Values are cultural things that are mentally stored as one grows up within the cultural environment. Symbols are things like language, pictures/objects and gestures that depicts meaning understood within the same cultural group. Heroes are people respected and considered to be role models within a cultural environment, however, this changes as the child graduate into adulthood. Cultural differences across the world vary according to ethnic groups and also across geographic boundaries. 2.1.5 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede (1984, 1991) identified the following five cultural dimensions which could be used to compare and measure cultural differences. 2.1.5.1 Power Distance Index Power is not distributed equally among the society. This is indicated by some people having more power than others, eg. some people are born kings, chiefs already having that status even at the very early age as toddlers. These people will be respected from that very early age even in way they are addressed. However, the power distance can be measured differently depending on the difference in society. There are those that are termed as large power distance culture where the subordinates do as told and the superior gives instructions and is the only one who decides what is good for the society or organisation. On the other hand there are those that are termed low power distance where there is consultation between the superior and the subordinates. In this category the superior respects the subordinates and entrust them with important assignments believing that they will be successfully completed. 2.1.5.2 Individualism versus Collectivism In individualism can be classified as nuclear family where each individual act independently, making his/her own choices and decisions. As a member of the nuclear family, the individual has to take care of himself/herself and his/her immediate families. On the other hand collectivism can be classified as patrilineal or matrilineal where people, after being integrated into the society at birth, are looked after by extended families. 2.1.5.3 Masculine versus Femininity Division of roles depend on gender, Men must provide for their families and female must take care of the children and the whole family. The assertiveness of men creates dominance over female on economic life within the family irrespective of whether it is an extended or nuclear family. However, in developed countries there are some variations on gender role pattern that enable females to enrol in courses that were initially designed for men and therefore do jobs that were done by men. In some underdeveloped or developing countries where the gender role pattern still exists, women are barred from doing jobs that are considered to be designed for men and women are also barred from enrolling on courses that are designed for men. This gender role pattern is still strictly followed in some underdeveloped countries where men are said to be head of families and thus gives the men all authority over everything that goes on in the family. Woman in such families do not have any say, they are t old what to do, how and when by their husbands and they are not supposed to question the instructions from men. 2.1.5.4 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Most people fear uncertain situations because they cannot predict what might happen in the near future. To minimise this, organisations or societies engage strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and religious and cultural beliefs to protect their organisations or societies. However, avoidance of uncertainty varies according to cultural differences. In high power distance culture, the boss is the only one to make decisions and the subordinates must strictly follow the bosss instructions. Subordinates expect the supervisors to tell them what to do because they regard each other as unequal. In organisations, this is also indicated by the wide salary gap whereas in societies it is indicated by the prestige given to superiors (e.g. chiefs) by their subordinates (e.g. tribes). In low power distance culture there is respect by supervisors over their subordinates. The supervisors entrust subordinates with important assignments trusting that the work will be done efficiently and if there is something wrong the supervisor will not put the blame on the subordinates, but rather takes it upon himself. The society believes people are equal irrespective of their education, religion or wealth. There is more democracy as subordinates views are sought and taken into consideration when making decisions. 2.1.5.5 Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation The long-term orientation versus short-term orientation is a model which came a after Hofstede was convinced by Michael Bond who called this dimension the Confucian dynamism. Values of long-term orientation are more oriented towards future e.g. perseverance and thrift while on the short-term the values are more oriented towards past and present and therefore more static e.g. respect for tradition and reciprocation of greetings, favours and gifts, personal steadiness and stability. 2.1.6 Trompenaars, Hall and Other Cultural Models There are several cultural models most of which overlap into Hofstedes models (Kluckhohn; Trompenaars 2000). Trompenaars developed the below models: 2.1.6.1 Universalism versus Particularism This can be viewed as authority versus consultation. In authority the one who has authority gives instructions and makes decision without the involvement of others whereas in consultation other peoples views are taken into consideration when making decisions. 2.1.6.2 Individualism versus Communicationism Where there is balance between individuals and groups needs. 2.1.6.3 Specific versus Diffuse Relationships Here the business is done on an abstract relationship (contract) or on good personal relationship in order to bring in liking and trust. 2.1.6.4 Neutral versus Affective Communication Styles In this dimension people hide and hold on to their emotions or they show them up in which case they expect some emotional response. 2.1.6.5 Time Orientation Monochromic culture focuses more on performing the task promptly meeting the original plan and prefers to do one task at a time. Polychronic culture tends to e multi-tasking, doing different things at the same time, and emphasis is more on relationship than on tasks. 2.1.7 Halls Cultural Models Hall (1976, 1983) developed the three cultural dimensions in which he describe how people behave. Following are his Cultural Models: 2.1.7.1 Context High Context People are helped by many contextual elements to understand the rules and it is a problem for those who do not understand unwritten rules. Low Context More explanation on rules is done as things are not taken for granted and therefore there is less chance of misunderstanding. 2.1.7.2 Time Monochronic Time is where one thing is done at a time and the concern is achieving the task on schedule. Polychronic Time is where several things are done at the same time (multi-tasking) and here the concern is on relationship and not schedule. 2.1.7.3 Space High Territorial Some people have greater concern for ownership and try to mark their territorial boundaries whether at home, parking space and even in shared offices. Low Territorial People here are not much concerned with ownership of space and for them it less important Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hall did extensive research that enabled them to conduct rankings on countries cultural differences. Hofstede conducted his research on 50 countries whilst Trompenaars conducted his on between 19 and 52 countries though with fewer rankings. Although it does not clearly show whether Hall did any rankings but he did a comparison of cultural dimensions among the French, Americans and Germans. 2.1.8 Tswana Culture Households in the Tswana polities usually take the form of three residential sites: one household in the village, one at agricultural holdings outside the village but not very far from the village (where ploughing takes place) and the last a cattlepost (with kraals for keeping livestock owned by the family). †¢ Power Distance: Tswana tribes greatly respect their elders which is shown especially when the younger ones greet the elders. In Botswana greetings are used to judge somebodys behaviour and greetings are conducted in a certain manner. When greeting an elder, a younger has to stop a bit to show respect and if the younger person is a male wearing a hat, he has to take it off to show respect to the elder. A man also has to take off his hat when getting inside the house as a custom unless the man is a widower. Each Tswana tribe or ethnic group has a Chief (Kgosi) who is helped by paternal uncles and Headmen. The paternal uncles are by virtue of close relationship to the Chief advisors as they are considered to have the royal blood. Kgosis traditional court is called Kgotla, and it is the main customary court within the village where disputes or misunderstandings that could not be solved by Headmen are solved. The Chiefs Kgotla also acts as the Traditional Court of Appeal within th e village, where people who are not satisfied with the Headmens rulings can appeal. Chieftainship is inherited, so for a person to be a chief he/she has to be born from the royal family and not somebody chosen. Most of the Tswana people are Christians as Christianity was brought in Botswana as early as 1845 by a Scotsman named Dr. David Livingstone. The first Christian to be baptized by Dr Livingstone was Chief Sechele of the Bakwena and this was a good sign towards improvement in peoples way of living. For a chief to be a Christian it was easier to convince other chiefs and the people to become Christians. Christianity also contributed a lot to Tswana culture as it reduced the bureaucratic principles where only one person would make decisions for the whole family or tribe and nowadays consultation is the norm. †¢ Individualism versus Collectivism: Collectivism is the norm with the Tswana Culture where somebody has to take care of his/her family and also the extended family like uncles, grandparents, aunts, nephews and nieces. In the olden days class differentiation was very low and mostly invisible because traditionally those who had more cattle would help those who had none by distributing the cattle to those households for management. This helped the families because they would use the cattle to plough with and user their milk to feed their own family. This management of cattle also resulted in people being paid by one cow every six months or every year depending on the agreement between the owner of the cattle and the person taking care of the cattle. However, some people do not want to take the responsibilities of extended families and that is why there are organisations like SOS and other orphanage organisations to take care of orphans and also the government is giving out food r ations on monthly basis to orphans, elderly people and families considered to be very poor. †¢ Masculinity versus femininity: In the traditional Tswana setup masculinity is the norm, roles are distinguished according to gender, and this is clearly visible in traditional ceremonies where men are the only ones to sit on chairs and women sit on mats and also that in meetings men are to speak first and women are to confirm what the men have said. Men were considered heads of the families and therefore their decisions were final and unquestionable. But since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 (United Nations World-Wide Web page 1995) and the government of Botswanas emphasis on equality, some jobs/tasks which were considered to be for males only are now considered unisex. At present there are some women chiefs in some Tswana tribes which traditionally the chieftainship was considered to be for men, even if the chief would die only having daughters that meant chieftainship would be given to one of the partenal uncle s or his elder son. By this the chiefs family would have lost the chieftainship inheritance. †¢ Uncertainty avoidance: Tswana ethnic group used to believe in ancestors and most of them liked to consult traditional healers for different illnesses and protection against evil spirits. Since the introduction of Christian religion through Dr David Livingstone in 1843, most people no longer believe in traditional healing. The staple food for Tswana is sorghum or corn meal porridge which is made thinner for breakfast and thicker for lunch and supper eaten with some relish which may be chicken, meat from goat, sheep or cattle (sometimes pounded), caterpillar known as phane and various wild game and vegetables. But these cultures of food have now shifted a bit but are more common in ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals and also westernised foods are prepared like coleslaw, pumpkin, squash, rice, etc. †¢ Long-term versus Short: Tswana culture used to allow children to go to school only to learn how to read and write. Most female teenagers were taken out of school to go and be married to elderly men as an arranged marriage between the parents without the agreement of the female teenager, but now people find their own partners and marry when they feel they are ready and not pushed. 2.1.9 Kalanga Culture Kalanga tribe is found in the north eastern part of Botswana and some in Zimbabwe, only separated by the border. The Kalanga tribe in Botswana, who are still withholding their culture, are mostly found in different villages within the north east side of Botswana. The Kalanga Language was taught in primary schools until 1972, six years after Botswana gained its independence from the British, and now the Kalanga tribe believe that since the discontinued teaching of Kalanga Language in primary schools their culture has been jeopardised. The staple food for Kalanga is sorghum or corn meal porridge which is always made thick and taken with relish. The relish is comprised of meat (sometimes pounded), caterpillar known as phane and various wild game and vegetables. But these cultures of food have now shifted a bit but are more common in ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals and also westernised foods are prepared like coleslaw, pumpkin, rice, squash etc. Power Distance: The Kalanga, like the Tswana, have chiefs who look after the tribe. Their ancestral belief is very high even if they still do practise Christianity. This is shown in their annual Dombosaha ceremonies and also in their prayers for rain. Their prayers are conducted at the hill call Domboshaba, where they believe their ancestral god Ngwale is. The word Domboshaba means Red Hill Dombo means hill and shaba means red. Bakalaka treat Domboshaba like the Islam treat Mecca, this means Domboshaba is a holly place for Bakalaka. They believe the ancestors are always watching over the living and if the ancestors become upset they are able to send sickness to the living as a sign of displeasure. According to the Kalanga tribe the spirits displeasure is revealed through illnesses, droughts and other calamities and can be appeased only through worship to Ngwale. Individualism versus Collectivism: The Kalanga tribes are still strictly using collectivism as they look after each other or their extended families. Individualism is avoided as their belief is no man is an island. They emphasise on community care which shows collectivism dimension. Uncertainty avoidance: The Kalanga tribes believe in worshipping their ancestral god called Ngwale and they also believe in pleasing Ngwale to avoid punishment. Their belief is that Ngwale is always looking at them and if he is not happy with them, he will punish them by bringing incurable diseases, droughts and other disasters. Due to these beliefs the Kalanga tribe do not want to anger Ngwale in order to avoid the situations of calamities. They also believe in consulting Ngwale go guide them or help them solve some problems for which they have no control of like when there is not enough rain durin