The Issue of Racism in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1204 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/01/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Racism in America Essay Did you like this example? The issue of racism is a deep-rooted problem in the world, and over the years, it has morphed into severe discrimination and segregation, forming part of the world history. Racism involves judging and treating others unequally based on their skin color and ethnic origin. Since time immemorial, white people have been known to discriminate against black and other non-white people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Issue of Racism in America" essay for you Create order Slavery increased the racial gap between whites and non-whites when black people were captured and enslaved in white people’s homes and plantations. Since then, white people have always felt superior and therefore discriminated against others such as the African Americans, Hispanics and so on. In the modern world, racism manifests itself in the society at workplaces, schools, churches and all other public sectors. As a result, this issue should be addressed to establish the truth about whether racism is increasing or declining in the United States. According to some scholars, racism is no longer an issue in the American society while others believe that America is still divided largely by racism and racial discrimination. In the United States, racism has always been a grave issue, but the world is working hard to get over that archaic practice. America Still divided by Racism into two unequal societies; by Joseph E. Stiglitz In this article, Joseph interrogates the extent to which racism has manifested itself in the contemporary world†. He says that African Americans are still suffering in a dominantly white society regarding education, employment as well a peaceful coexistence with their white counterparts. I chose this article because it gives a deep insight into the issues of racism that still exist in the world today and their effects on the victims. In public institutions, for instance, white people receive better and quicker services compared to people from other races. The finance sector is particularly said to target African Americans for exploitation by selling them volatile products and charging them high fees for the same products. Wells Fargo Bank ended up being fined hugely by the authorities for having exploited African Americans as well as Latinos by charging them higher interest than their white counterparts. The author says that today, America is paying dearly for racial inequalities and the economy feels the effects of this inequality. The assumption that the power structures in the United States are run primarily by the military forces is a complete fallacy because the Presidency has eroded the country’s soft power (Stigliz, 2018). As time goes by, the situation is worsening, and since President Trump was elected, there is no end in sight to this nightmare. Racism has developed roots in the system such that non-white people are unlikely to get employment in America. An individual’s resume does not matter as much as their skin color and when it comes to hiring and firing, African Americans, Latinos and other people from other races. He, however, concludes by saying that there might be hope for a better future only if people are willing to stand up, they can purpose to transform the society. Racism in America; By Donald W. Shriver The second article by Shriver explains that despite the past having been full of racism and prejudice, the world has changed and racism remains a thing of the past. He explains that the only thing that remains are the scars inflicted on black people by racism. Shriver talks of an actor who only encountered racism upon arrival at the United States and even today, Americans carry with them the scars of this vice. He had previously talked to his friend who was black, and they both acknowledged that they still have the scars of racism, but now, the world has changed. They both looked at racism as a challenge as well as an opportunity for people to move on and realize the value each other. The article shows that racism is heading to an end and it is not as bad as it was in the past. The hopeful difference between people is that some of them learned how to fight and overcome the influences of racism such as members of the Christian community and the church at large. Points of View I chose these two sources because they have an opposing opinion about racism in America. In the first source, racism is said to be at its peak in the United States and continues to manifest itself. In the second article, racism is becoming a thing of the past, and all that remains are the scars from the years of racial discrimination. Similarities exist between these viewpoints such as the fact that both authors agree on the fact that racism is negativity that needs to be addressed in the society. They also concur in the fact that racism has undergone serious metamorphosis and it is not as it was a few years ago. However, in Joseph’s perception, there is an increasing danger brought about by racism, and the American society remains divided nonetheless. The white people who perceive themselves as a superior race deny their non-white counterparts the opportunity to access equality. On the other hand, Shriver believes that shortly, everyone will be able to deal with racism and the only thing remaining would be the previous scars. Racism in America can be dealt with, (Shiver, 2018) and there is no need to worry about people getting discriminated . If Joseph could speak to Shriver, he would explain that the dynamics of the society dictate interpersonal relationships and racism is one of them. Contrastingly, Shriver would argue that the society has already outgrown the era of racism and that everyone is capable of dealing with the situation. The differences between their points of view include the fact that Joseph addresses the situation from a social perspective while Shriver uses an individualistic approach. According to Joseph, the whole society is doomed while Shriver claims that the individuals can work things out and eliminate racism and its effects. In conclusion, racism remains a calamity in the modern world, and as time goes by, there is a need for change and individuals must perform. According to Joseph, the American society has fully embraced racism, and as a result, most of the public sectors and their service delivery is influenced by race. African Americans do not enjoy equal rights as the rest because they are black and the whole society is divided into two groups. On the other hand, Shriver believes that racism is almost over and if people could be responsible, the world would be a better place. I do agree with the fact that racism is a problem and it is so deep-rooted in the American society that there is no quick solution in sight. Joseph gives a true and clear account of the reality on the ground because looking at the modern society, it is clear that there may not be an end in sight for racism in America. I would like to challenge the government and the media to propagate equality by passing legislative measures aga inst racist people. In most cases, the media plays a huge role in propagating racism, and for that reason, there is a need to change the type of communication passed to the public on racism.

It Doesn t Matter By Nicholas Carr - 1696 Words

Introduction Nicholas G. Carr initiated a discussion about the strategic importance of IT spending of companies in his Article IT Doesn t Matter published in Harvard business review, 2003. He advises to reduce the spending on IT infrastructure by arguing the fact that IT become commodity rather than a strategic advantage. Diminishing strategic advantage of the IT as explained by Nicholas Carr is not a broad view of the topic and Author has limited the scope of IT with mostly hardware part and not discussed the various advantages a firm can gain with use of information technology in a whole. Summary Author suggests that 1. business corporations should spend less on the IT infrastructure 2. delay investment on the IT capital, to wait and learn from the mistake of competitors 3. evaluate the risks associated with the implementation of IT infrastructure. Author argues that IT is no more a strategic advantage and is similar to other commodity which is assessable to each and every one at market place. Author has provided the details of it spending and financial outcome of the industry. Here we need to understand that financial out come from an IT investment cannot be expected immediately or in the same financial year. First of all, capital goods are very different from the information good. Business benefitted from the Information technology not only based on the how much they spent on the IT rater than how their IT operations are aligned with theirShow MoreRelatedIt Doesn t Matter By Nicholas Carr754 Words   |  4 PagesNicholas G. Carr initiated a discussion about the strategic importance of IT spending of companies in his Article IT Doesn t Matter published in Harward business review , 2003. He also advises to reduce the spending on IT infrastruc ture by arguing the fact that IT become commodity rather than a strategic advantage. Diminishing strategic advantage of the IT as explained by Nicholas Carr is not a broad view of the topic and Author has limited the scope of IT with mostly hardware part and not discussedRead MoreHow Google Really Making Us Stupid?961 Words   |  4 Pagesmore. I can honestly say that everyone i know has either been on the internet or used google reason being its one of the most go to quick fix for anything. It just makes life easier and that doesn t necessarily mean easy is the best option, but it helps advance in what we need. In the article Nicholas Carr gives his point of view on how the internet is not only becoming a custom for everyone in the world, but also making us lose a sight of reading â€Å"It is clear that users are not reading onlineRead MoreAssistant6067 Words   |  25 PagesVIEW: THE â€Å"IT DOESN’T MATTER† DEBATE Larry DeJarnett The Lamar Group larry.dejarnett@thelamargroup.com Robert Laskey Revelation 360 bob@revelation360.com H. Edgar Trainor Paramount Pictures ed.trainor@paramount.com EDITOR’S FOREWORD This article differs from all the articles CAIS published previously in that it is a debate on the nature of IT written by practitioners from three different points of view. It deals with IT Doesn’t Matter, a polemic written by Nicholas Carr, then editor of the HarvardRead MoreTechnology Has A Better Or For The Worse?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesdownfalls--which are arguably more significant than the advantages. Has technology evolved for the better or for the worse? Most would have trouble answering this question. In most high-income countries, it is extremely hard to find somebody who doesn t own a cell phone or a computer--almost every student has both. This constant exposure has, arguably, negatively affected many people, especially on the way we socialize throughout our lives. It is very important to acquire good social skills, itRead MoreComputers Can t Do Creative Thought? Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pages In a smartphone is the capacity to access the entirety of human knowledge and thought by way of the search engine. The human mind is changing, for the better and for the worse. With access to such powerful technology we don t need to exercise our brain as much; we don t need to remember all the little facts. However, it also means that we have more capacity for deeper thought. We can let the technology take care of factual knowledge, and we can use our minds for what computers can’t do: creativeRead MoreEmergence of Information Economy2722 Words   |  11 Pageschanges, all in response to growing competition and necessity to be different. The strategic implications IT has had for managers in organizations are extensive, â€Å"as companies have come to view it as a resource ever more critical to their success.†(Carr 2003:5) It is challenging to understand the strategic implications information technology has had on organizations, its role in businesses being contextually relative depending on type, size of org anizations. However, some trends have emerged, allowing

Organizational Structures and Air Force Recruiting Service free essay sample

The rimary advantage of this type of organization is the ability to focus on customer needs and provide faster, better service (Bateman Snell, 2009). If there was not a divisional separation, the flatness of the hierarchy of management would lead to an overwhelming number of subordinates supervised by each level of management. Under its current organization Headquarters Recruiting Service is responsible for the direct management of three mid-level organizations known as recruiting groups. Each of these groups has the responsibility of managing eight front-line recruiting squadrons. Headquarters Recruiting Service has complete responsibility for the establishment of strategic goals for the recruiting service. It establishes the annual requirements that each group must meet in to satisfy the minimum need the Air Force has for new recruits. Headquarters Recruiting Service will also determine the operating budget for each group based upon its assigned objectives. Development of all marketing strategies is also the responsibility of Headquarters Recruiting Service. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structures and Air Force Recruiting Service or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once the strategic plans are approved and passed down tactical planning will take place at the group level. Based upon the propensity for success each squadron is given the number of new recruits they need to assess to be successful. The group will also allocate budgets to each of the recruiting squadrons and pass down the allotted marketing plans as determined by HRS. Squadron commanders will follow a similar to it. A recruiting flight is the lowest level of management in Recruiting Service and typically consists of between four and twelve recruiters who will operate semi- autonomously in the field. Each flight will determine the individual recruiters goals nd provide continuing training, mentoring, and management of the recruiters. Managers at the flight level are known as Flight Chiefs. Each flight chief will also be responsible for establishing control procedures to insure the recruiters achieve their established goals. Whereas many people view the armed forces as organizations that pass orders from on high down to the lowest ranking individuals who will follow them blindly that is any thing but the case. The Air Force places incredible value upon the men and women who complete the many missions ecessary to maintain this nations freedoms. To ensure airmen are properly equipped to deal with their day-to-day responsibilities there are many organizational resources put into place for support. Recruiting Service implements a form of human resources that provides for all the necessary elements of any corporate human resources program. The primary mission of Recruiting Service notwithstanding, there are training programs, regular evaluations, mentoring programs and a plethora of other resources put in place to give recruiters the support they need to be successful. Air Force recruiters will not only complete an initial training program that lasts more than seven weeks but also attend annual and quarterly training sessions as well. Each of these training sessions are three to five days long and cover a variety of training topics from marketing and sales skills to counselling and leadership techniques. This training provides recruiters the capability to handle all manner of situations that may arise. Every level of Recruiting Service conducts evaluations on a regular bases. Flight chiefs conduct telephonic debriefings with ndividual recruiters on a weekly basis. They also conduct a monthly office visit and perform a standards inspection to verify the recruiter is following established procedures. Monthly flight meetings are held to allow recruiters to come together and discuss issues and challenges as well as successes

The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper, Young Goodman Brown Essay Example For Students

The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper, Young Goodman Brown Essay Because writing is inherently romantic in nature, throughout the history of literature, we see many authors insights into the enigmatic and often ambiguous subject of love and relationships. Three short stories penned by three separate American writers deal with such matter: Charlotte Perkins Gillman in The Yellow Wallpaper, Kate Chopin in The Storm, and Nathaniel Hawthorne in Young Goodman Brown. Though the relationships presented in each of these stories are unique in their own persuasion, the same underlying theme runs true in all. At first glance all of these relationships may appear healthy in their existence; however, further introspection uncovers specific maladies which I believe elicit much of the discord which arises within each of these writings. All of the husbands in the aforementioned short stories evoke, though some more subtly than others, varying degrees of conflict. Gillmans The Yellow Wallpaper is a story pertaining to, and narrated by, a women suffering from depression after the recent birth of a child. Although the name of the women in the story is never revealed, many believe this is short story is an excerpt from the authors life. We will write a custom essay on The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper, Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Much of the setting of the story takes place in an aging mansion recently inhabited by the narrator and John, the narrators husband. Due to her affliction and under strict instruction of her husband John, who is also a physician, the narrator is sentenced to bed rest in one of the upper rooms of the house. The walls of the room in which the narrator is forced to occupy, are enveloped with decrepit yellow wallpaper displaying an irksome pattern which, coupled with the ennui of doing nothing, works in a maleficent manner on the mental sanctity of the narrator. The narrators ailment could easily be rectified if she were allowed to busy herself. However, Johns view as a doctor denies any type of activity, even writing, for he feels it will only exacerbate her already fragile condition. John is characterized by Gillman as being very analytical, very scientific in thought. As such, so when he fails to find anything physically wrong with his wife he attributes it to fatigue, almost refusing to entertain the idea that it might be an emotional unsoundness that afflicts her. There also appears to be an immense lack of communication between the narrator and her husband John. I had no intention of telling him it was because of the wallpaper, says the narrator, referring to her husband, he would make fun of me. He might even want to take me awayGillman 583. This paucity of interchange and inability of John to truly listen to his wifes needs are the ultimate sources of conflict in the story. Similar conflict is also found in Chopins short work The Storm. However, the disharmony does not manifest itself in such an apparent fashion as witnessed in The Yellow Wallpaper. The Storm takes place in New Orleans and deals with the controversial issue of infidelity. Here again we can attribute a substantial portion of the stories conflict to the husband, Bobinot, who seems almost indifferent to his wife Calixta. In the opening of the short story by Chopin we find Bobinot and his son, Bibi, sitting in front of a local store where they notice a storm of impending detriment drawing near. Bobinots lack of concern rears its proverbial head when Bibi draws attention to the fact that Calixta is at home alone. Mamall be fraid, yes, he suggested with blinking eyes. Shell shut the house. Maybe she got Sylvie helpn her this evenin, Bobinot responded reassuringly. Chopin 645. Bobinot seems to have no sense of urgency where his wifes safety is involved, and the elusion becomes evident that their relationship falls considerably short of perfect. Further into the story we find this elusion becomes fact when Calixta indulges in an extramarital affair with a gentleman named Alcee. .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .postImageUrl , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:hover , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:visited , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:active { border:0!important; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:active , .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc30b46eacc54381e996fc1089c4b4cf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and contrast 'The Darkness Out There' by Penelope Lively and 'The Red Room' by H G Wells EssayChopin writes in her depiction of Calixtas affair that Her firm elastic flesh that was knowing for the first time its birthright, making it undoubtedly clear of the scarcity of passion that exists between Calixta and Bobinot Chopin 647. In this case, Bobinots apathetic position in his marriage prompted Calixta to seek passion and fulfillment in the arms of another man. In the short story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne we again see the husband cast as the role of antagonist. However, Brown, the husband of this story, affords the conflict in a much more perceptible fashion than seen before in the earlier mentioned writings. Hawthorne begins his story with Brown, who is departing on a business dealing of an unspecified nature, giving his farewells to his wife Faith. They appear very much in love and the conversation depicts nothing which would lead one to believe that their relationship is anything but perfect. Yet, after further inspection I encountered dialogue which leads me to believe that there may be a deficiency of trust within the relationship. Faith, within their discourse, pleads with Brown to stay at home with her because she is afraid of being alone. Brown responds, in a manner that a guilty man might, What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married? Hawthorne 634. Hawthorne also uses symbolism to depict the lack of trust which afflicts Young Goodman Brown. Hawthorne speaks, with brevity, of a second traveler, ominously characterized as being much like Brown in appearance yet with a much darker quality. This second traveler, I believe, embodies all of Browns own vile and debase essence and represents the struggle with his insufficient faith. After the chain of events which took place in the forest, Browns beliefs are tested to the fullest extent. He can either except what he saw as reverie, trusting his wife would never succumb to the temptations of such malfeasance, or take what he saw as truth, that many key figures, including Faith, are indeed involved in witchcraft. Hawthorne suggests in his writing that Brown fell victim to the latter. Often, awakening suddenly at midnight,, Hawthorne says of Goodman Brown, he shrank from the bosom of Faith; and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned a Many, I am sure, could interpret or acquisition other sources of conflict for each of the three given stories, as could I. However, I have shown that the ultimate inception of discord must be attributed to the husbands in these stories. Though with varying degrees of distinctness, Johns inability to truly understand his wifes needs in The Yellow Wallpaper, Bobinots apathy towards Calixta in The Storm, and Browns want of faith in Young Goodman Brown, each act as the kindling used to incite the flame of conflict within these writings.

Some Paper that I have to upload

Some Paper that I have to upload Some Paper that I have to upload Accounting 372 – Financial Accounting II Course Syllabus for Spring Semester 2014 Instructor: Gregory L. Prescott, CPA, CGMA, CMA, CFM Office Location: Mitchell Learning Resource Center, #122 Office Phone: 251 460-6409 Home Phone: 251 661-8376 E-mail address: gprescot@southalabama.edu Class/Office Hours: Class Schedule ACC 372.101 Tu – Th 11:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. ACC 416.101 Tu – Th 12:30 – 1:45 p.m. ACC 511.501 Tu – Th 7:30 – 8:45 p.m. Office Hours Tu & Th 7:30 – 11:00 a.m. Tu & Th 7:00 – 7:30 p.m. & 8:45 – 9:00 p.m. Wednesday 2:00 – 3:00 p.m. Textbook Intermediate Accounting by Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 15th edition Class Notes for Intermediate Accounting available on the course website on Sakai Intermediate Accounting Problem-Solving Survival Guide (optional but recommended) Intermediate Accounting Study Guide (optional but recommended) WARNING Ask any of your fellow accounting majors who are at a more advanced stage of their coursework or ask anyone else who majored in accounting and they will tell you that the intermediate accounting courses were the easily the most difficult courses. You should expect this course to be challenging. In order for you to do well, you will be required to put forth significant effort. It is important that you read the pertinent text material before the related class discussion. Class time will be devoted primarily to lecture and discussion on the chapter material followed by working pertinent exercises and problems. Attendance Attendance at all class sessions is expected. Research indicates that students who attend most classes have higher performance and earn higher grades than students who do not attend class frequently. As a result of the demands of this course, you are expected to attend each class meeting and to arrive on time. You will be responsible for all material covered and announcements made during class, whether or not you are present. Homework Assignments Exercises and problems are assigned for each chapter. Experience indicates there is a strong relationship between the number of homework problems successfully completed by a student and his or her final grade in an accounting course. You are expected to complete homework assignments in time for the related class discussion. It is your responsibility to be prepared to respond when called on in class. Examinations & Grades Your letter grade for the course will be determined by your performance on three exams given during the semester; your performance on homework assignments; and your performance on quizzes given during the semester. Each exam will be made up of multiple choice questions and accounting problems and will be worth 100 points. Your homework assignments will be worth a total of 50 points. Additionally, there will be a total of up to eight ‘quizzes’ during the semester. These ‘quizzes’ will come from the chapter homework assignments; specifically, they will come from the Homework Handouts and assigned chapter exercises. The ‘quizzes’ will be worth a total of 100 points or more than 20% of the course grade. Therefore, your letter grade for the course will be determined based on how many of the up to 450 possible points you earn: A = 90 – 100% of 450 points or 405 – 450 points B = 80 – 89.9% of 450 points or 360 – 404 points C = 70 – 79.9% of 450 points or 315 – 359 points D = 60 – 69.9% of 450 points or 270 – 314 points F = 270 points Note that make-up exams are strongly discouraged and given only in extreme circumstances; I will be the one to determine whether or not ‘extreme circumstances’ exist in your case (should that become necessary). Your final exam is scheduled for Tuesday, May 6th, from 10:30 a.m. until 12:30 p.m. Withdrawal Date The last day to withdraw from this course is Friday, April 4th, at 4:59 p.m. Disabilities In

How to Write a Well-Structured Essay

How to Write a Well-Structured Essay Introduction, body, and conclusion make a standard essay structure. Read the article to know the details. Essay Structure Essay structure allows you to align your thoughts and ideas logically, making them readable and easy to understand. Basic essay logic starts out with the introduction of the essay’s main idea and then explains it further in the body paragraphs and ends by summing everything up in the last paragraph the conclusion. To better understand why essay format is so important, try to imagine an essay that starts out with body paragraphs, followed by a thesis and a conclusion. Such essay would be impossible to read because of its faulty logic.  Let’s take a closer look at each of the components and learn how to structure an essay. How to Write an Essay Introduction The introduction is the main component within the structure of an essay. This part contains the main thought of the essay and states the purpose of your writing. The introductory paragraph typically consists of a thesis statement (also called a topic sentence) and a few more sentences that explain or expand the main statement. The topic sentence together with these few sentences is referred to as the introduction. Body Paragraphs The two or three paragraphs that follow the introduction are called the body of the essay. They are called so because they make up the body or the main bulk of the paper. This part of the essay usually contains research data and information that supports your thesis. Each paragraph should contain one main idea and should provide supporting details for your topic and thesis. The topic (introductory) sentence of each paragraph should support the main idea. Even though there are no strict rules regarding the body paragraph length, a general rule of thumb prescribes that a paragraph should  be neither too long (over 8 sentences) nor too short (under 2 sentences). Body paragraph size varies depending on the essay style: for example, the average paragraph length in business writing is generally 4-5 sentences, while the average paragraph length in academic writing is around 8-10 sentences. Academic writing tends to be longer because the author has to state a point, back it up with research data, and come to a conclusion. Such kind of writing usually requires a greater amount of writing. To connect your thoughts and make them logical youll need to use some connecting words and phrases: List of Connecting Words and Phrases The final part of the basic essay structure is a conclusion. It ends the essay and summarizes all ideas and thoughts written. Going further, read how to end an essay correctly. Conclusion: How to End an Essay The final part of the basic essay structure is the conclusion. It summarizes the points made in the introduction and the body paragraphs of your paper. The core function of the conclusion is not only to summarize ideas stated in the introduction and the body but to show how they relate to the thesis. A good technique is to use the conclusion starters: as we can see, therefore, naturally, summing up etc. Such connecting phrases help you to tie the points made previously with the actual text of the conclusion that you are writing. Once again, a conclusion should review your thesis and give a summary of your main ideas. Depending on your instructor’s requirements, your conclusion can range from one paragraph to a page in length. Reviewing your writing or the post-writing phase takes place when you are done writing your paper. It’s always a good idea to put your essay aside for a couple of hours and then come back to it later. It is important to read through each paragraph to make sure your ideas make sense and convey your points clearly. Also, be sure that you have not strayed away from the main point. Each paragraph should be relevant to your thesis. If you have found that any of your body paragraphs strays from your thesis, a rewrite or omission may be necessary. Note that there different types of essay  and essay formatting styles, e.g. essay format MLA  which require proper logic and structure. Some students find the writing assignments to be a daunting task  and start looking for a writing help.  In case you need help with the structuring or writing your essay,  feel free to contact our essay writers or place an order. Besides, we have a lot of essay examples written by the professional writers: Expository Essay Example | Definition Essay Examples  and many others. Reading the essay examples facilitates the writing and essay structuring process.

Health promoting Services Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health promoting Services - Article Example This paper will focus on a literature review of Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters’ article â€Å"Health Promoting Health Services: A Review of the Evidence†. Particular concentration of the literature review will be to highlight the strengths and weaknesses noted in the article and how the article has been organized. Strengths A close analysis of the article reveals that the author has vast knowledge in the field of Health Promoting Health Services. Ideas in the article have been presented logically through citation of several research works done by other writers and critics within the field. There is a clear discussion of the author ideas with reference to other ideologies in this area of study. As such, Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters are organized in their presentation of the article for easy understanding of principles in health promoting health by the readers. In the first place, the structure of the article is well defined since headings have bee utilized well in bold to draw the readers’ attention to imperative points in health promoting health. The introduction particularly has given a summary of what is talked about in the entire article. Similarly, the last paragraph draws emphasis to important points and terms applicable in health promoting health. ... This implies that for a successful dissertation, a wide range of secondary sources are significant in acquiring different views of writers on a subject of discussion. Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters continue displaying their writing savvy in their literature review by ensuring each of his peers’ works are cited in the correct APA format. When they paraphrase, they identify the sources appropriately. When they make direct quotes, they use parentheses as well as table to identify the source of information for clarity. As researchers, Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters ensure their literature review contains a balanced mix of other researchers’ work and their work. Research done in the article indicated that it is very painful to read any researcher’s work that contained a literature review that only had other researcher’s words. Further, it is cumbersome to read all of these quotes and paraphrases without an author’s original thought in the literature review. Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters have reduced these conflicts through a well review of their ideas and other authors’ thoughts. Lastly, Mchugh, Robinson, & Chesters take complex figures and simplify it with one of their own. Weaknesses Apart from strengths seen in the article, there are some elements lacking which would have made the literature review more appealing to the reader. The authors failed in the methodology section in which chances of bias are prevalent. Overemphasis was put on secondary sources instead of carrying out their personal research to collect primary information. This would have offered an opportunity to compare some of the down falls in the previous research done in the same field. Another writing weakness was the authors’ misuse

Lidl in the UK Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Lidl in the UK Market - Essay Example It has presently 500 stores in the UK with a turnover of 44 billion Euros.   Due to the recession of 2007-2010 Lidl has gained a lot of foothold in 2010.Due to the credit crunch available in the market because of recession, people look to reduce their budgets in the food and household items. This is where Lidl comes in. It provides quality products to the customer at very low prices and has been able to give a challenge to established retailer stores in the UK such as Tesco. Lidl has gained its reputation as a no-frills supermarket ( others in this category are Aldi & Netto) that sell food, drink, and non-food products at extremely low prices but no extras are offered to the customers at a Lidl store. They do not provide even free carrier bags. No help is provided to pack your shopping and its stores are marked by the absence of any service counters. The success of Lidl has been primarily based because of the reason that it provided value for money to the people in the times of recession. This document analyzes the Lidl stores from the point of view of se rvices marketing   Along with the four traditional Ps that are associated with regular marketing – Product, Place, Price, Promotion; three other Ps are essential features for a services product which consists of People, Physical evidence, and process. (Donnelly, 1981)   Many researchers are of the view that the basics of marketing like the need to have a well-defined marketing strategy, targeting the markets best suited and the proper positioning for this target segment is essential in the marketing of both – goods and services.

The Pros and Cons of Employee Drug Testing Essay Example for Free

The Pros and Cons of Employee Drug Testing Essay Drug abuse in the workspace is a popular, global problem if we believe in an American research study done by William F. Current. He quotes, that 75% of all drug addicts who are older then 18 years work within an organization. Again, 75 % of them consume drugs at work. He assumes, that if you test everybody from the working society between 18 and 40 years of age, 25% would be drug positive. The Chicago association of commerce and industry, has an even more dramatic view on that topic. They say that 93% of all organizations have problems with drug addicted em-ployees. The American National Institute of Drug abuse says that one out of five employees be-tween the age of 18 to 24 has drug problems and one out of eight people between the age of 26 and 35.Lower achievement and accidents is the direct cause of drug abuse. Most of the time, in fact 80% of the accidents caused by drug abuse the people who get harmed are not doing drugs. 2. Signs of Drug abuse in the workplaceWe are able to classify the sings of drug abuse into five different categories:1.Efficiency is not reached anymore, for instance: a lot of mistakes, neglectfulness, low work quality, lack of concentration, tiredness, unable to do dispositions. 2.Reduced attention and absence, for instance: not showing off for work, arriving late very often, often absent on Mondays and after holidays, long lunch-brakes etc. 3.Attitude and physiological appearance, for instance: apathetic behavior against rules and regulations, unattended appearance and hygiene, sleazy work, bloodshot and watery eyes etc. 4.Health and Security, for example: often involved in accidents, disinterest against safety rules, disregardful use of dangerous machines etc. 5.Problems within the family, for example: marriage issues, divorce, money problems, bankruptcy. Consequences of Drug abuse in the WorkplaceDrug abuse, is not only harming the addict himself, its also harming the colleagues, the organization and the industry!Consequences for the consumer:•slow reaction•bad motor function•bad cooperation with colleagues•reduction of the brain work•cause of accidents and injury•higher disease sensitivity•smaller gains•less possibilities to move the career•unemploymentConsequences for the colleagues:•bad working atmosphere•low employee morale•more misunderstandings and disputes•more accidents and injuriesFor the organization:•bad product and service quality•more product mistakes•unsatisfied costumers•inefficiency•higher absenteeism•lower productivity•worse working conditions•burglary•higher employee turnoverFor the Industry:•lower productivity•worse service•scarceness of assets and liabilities•higher pricesFive steps to set up Anti Drug Programs in companiesIn the past years, drug testing became more and more normal within american compa-nies. Already 98% out of the 200 biggest US-companies use drug tests. To do Drug tests in companies, you have to look at these five points:1. The Anti-Drug Policy of the company has to be clear and easy to understand in a written form•The company has to inform employees and former employees about the strict prohibi-tion of drugs in the company•The organization has to explain the reasons for this embargo (security, health, trust-worthiness etc.)•The Company has to inform its employees about the consequences if this rule is not respected2. A special training for the supervisors of some compartments•These are the people who have to be suspicious about drug abuse3. All employees have to be aware of the seriousness of the anti drug rules in the company4.Implementation of Programs to help employees with their problems before they start using drugs5.Implementation of a drug test  programAssumptions to accomplish employee drug testingThe European Union supports drug testing in companies since 1996/1997. The EU recommend to take a look at the following points:•the probation has to be retraceable and the privacy of the donator has to be assured•the cut-off levels for drug screening and confirmatory tests has to be defined•a positive screening test, has to be assured by an official laboratory•permanent training for the test performing employees•external quality assurance and accreditationThe Pros of Drug testing on employeesTest of Job candidate:One of the most used form is the testing of a new candidate for a job. Like this, the company is able to avoid drug problems from the beginning!Test of Security sensitive jobs:President Bush, singed in 1991 the so called Omnibus contract, which allows companies who are in the aircraft,bus and other public transport to test their employees without further knowledge. This, of course is the absolute correct way of doing it. A second highly security sensitive job, is the military,! Here, everyone who wants to work with the military has to get tested. Testing by suspicion:Here, the addicted person, gets tested because colleagues are suspicious and tell it to the supervisor. Like this the necessary actions can be taken immediately after a positive out-come. Testing after an accident:The drug test after an accident is made if there was an accident where machinery or people of a company got hurt. This, then can be used in the court to find out if someone is guilty or not. Non- announced random tests:Other then the tests by suspicion, are the people who get tested selected randomly.Sometimes even a computer is taking the action of selecting. Continuous announced tests:This, is the first form of a drug test in the workspace. In some companies, the yearly drug test is as mandatory as the yearly health check. Cut-off testing:More unusual is this sort of testing, where only the people of a certain compartment get tested. Tests after Rehabilitation:It is absolutely necessary to test people, who got caught once and came back from Rehab. Like this you can find out if the employee is still clean. Testing because of public adjustment:Drug testing again in high-sensitive jobs, but adjusted by the government. Good, because like this mistakes are rarer. Testing before advancement:Some companies, make an advancement dependent on an foregoing negative drug test. Very goo, because this keeps a lot of people away from drugs for sure. Tests in the upper management. Drug-testing of the upper management happens mostly shortly before the whole branch or company is getting tested, like this there are no rumors about fairness of the testing because everybody has to take it. CONCLUSION: Drug-testing is a very important and necessary thing within a company. I dont think that we can find anything that really is a contra on employee drug-testing. The cons of drug testing on employeesAs you can hear from my upper conclusion, i cant really think of anything that really is a hitting argument against drug-testing. Except the fact maybe that if you start testing your employees, then you show them that you dont really trust them. This can end up, so the people within the organization are not as motivated anymore. Of course, compared with the stress that you dont have if you fire all your drug-using employees this one fact is nothing. Eventually, it is the case that everybody has to decide individually what he or she does. But on the other hand, is our society based on a very tight working network.  So if some people come tint the danger of drug using and the harms have to be paid by the society then its is not only an individual problem anymore. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.wikipedia.comwww.roche.comwww.google.dewww.drogentest.dewww.drogen-heute.com

Griffins Black Like Me and Kingsolvers The Poisonwood Bible Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Howard Griffin's novel, Black Like Me, and Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Poisonwood Bible, describe journeys made by white Americans into black societies in the early 1960's. Griffin, a white journalist for Sepia magazine, took medication to darken his skin and entered the United States' Deep South to experience the plight of African Americans (Bain 195). His book is a true account of his experiences as a black man. Kingsolver writes of a man who, in many ways, made a similar journey. Nathan Price, a white Baptist missionary in The Poisonwood Bible, moves his wife and four daughters to the Congo of Africa with hopes of spreading the teachings of Christianity and baptizing many. Although Kingsolver's story is fiction, her development of the Congo's history and culture are based on recorded history and her own experiences there as a child (Kingsolver ix). John Griffin and the Price family leave a world in which their race automatically constitutes them with the rights of voice and choice; and discover a world in which those rights are limited.    Being that their professions are journalism and ministry, John Griffin and Nathan Price are accustomed to the use of words, whether written or spoken, to reach out to others and relay information. Once they cross over into the new territories, their abilities to be heard accurately or at all become difficult. In this new setting, Griffin finds the opportunity to speak to a white person does not present itself because it is preceded by a silent language spoken by whites. He first encounters this silent language outside a "Whites Only" restaurant as he is reading the menu in the window. He says, "I looked up to see the frowns of disapproval that can s... ...e the Congo, for all of Africa, the heart of light" (Kingsolver 184). Through the courage of such leaders to provide a voice, the oppressed blacks in these novels begin to experience liberation from the constraints placed on their rights to make their own choices.    Works Cited Bain, Robert, Joseph M. Flora, and Louis D. Rubin, Jr., eds. Southern Writers: A Biographical Dictionary. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Cruse, Harold. Plural but Equal: Blacks and Minorities in America's Plural Society. New York: William Morrow, 1987. Griffin, John Howard. Black Like Me. New York: New American Library, 1962. Kingsolver, Barbara. The Poisonwood Bible. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1998. Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Year, 1954-1965. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987.    Griffin's Black Like Me and Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚   John Howard Griffin's novel, Black Like Me, and Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Poisonwood Bible, describe journeys made by white Americans into black societies in the early 1960's. Griffin, a white journalist for Sepia magazine, took medication to darken his skin and entered the United States' Deep South to experience the plight of African Americans (Bain 195). His book is a true account of his experiences as a black man. Kingsolver writes of a man who, in many ways, made a similar journey. Nathan Price, a white Baptist missionary in The Poisonwood Bible, moves his wife and four daughters to the Congo of Africa with hopes of spreading the teachings of Christianity and baptizing many. Although Kingsolver's story is fiction, her development of the Congo's history and culture are based on recorded history and her own experiences there as a child (Kingsolver ix). John Griffin and the Price family leave a world in which their race automatically constitutes them with the rights of voice and choice; and discover a world in which those rights are limited.    Being that their professions are journalism and ministry, John Griffin and Nathan Price are accustomed to the use of words, whether written or spoken, to reach out to others and relay information. Once they cross over into the new territories, their abilities to be heard accurately or at all become difficult. In this new setting, Griffin finds the opportunity to speak to a white person does not present itself because it is preceded by a silent language spoken by whites. He first encounters this silent language outside a "Whites Only" restaurant as he is reading the menu in the window. He says, "I looked up to see the frowns of disapproval that can s... ...e the Congo, for all of Africa, the heart of light" (Kingsolver 184). Through the courage of such leaders to provide a voice, the oppressed blacks in these novels begin to experience liberation from the constraints placed on their rights to make their own choices.    Works Cited Bain, Robert, Joseph M. Flora, and Louis D. Rubin, Jr., eds. Southern Writers: A Biographical Dictionary. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Cruse, Harold. Plural but Equal: Blacks and Minorities in America's Plural Society. New York: William Morrow, 1987. Griffin, John Howard. Black Like Me. New York: New American Library, 1962. Kingsolver, Barbara. The Poisonwood Bible. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1998. Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Year, 1954-1965. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987.   

Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes. Pediatrics Essay

Exercise and sports behavior has been an area of vigorous research interest. Athletes and people who compete at a high level of physical exercise are usually habituated to intense levels of activity for over a prolonged period of time. However, there is hesitation to term it as a psychological disorder or a disorder associated with characteristic patterns of psychological disturbance. People with very high levels of athletic activities may be high achievers who participated in these activities with intense physical work due to many reasons, but the most important is their sense of achievement. Many of them feel that these activities contributed to their psychological well-being and their emotional stability. A closer examination of their exercise patterns happened to be adaptive and hence has been contemplated to be contributing to the overall psychological functioning. Investigation into their lifestyles revealed that those revolved about their athletic or physical exercise activities, and many of them had disciplined, inflexible, and well-ordered routine. To be able to maintain such routines, these individuals rigidly followed a regimented running programme and often subordinated other aspects of their life such as diet, occupation, and socializing to their running. The question remains, whether this obligatory pattern of excessive exercise and physical activity have any detrimental effects on these people with high athletic activity. In this assignment, current research will be reviewed to find out the answer of this question. Overtraining or burnout is commonly regarded as a generalised stress response to a prolonged period of overload. Thus, overtraining can be defined as â€Å"an abnormal extension of the training process culminating in a state of staleness† (Weinberg and Gould, 1999). Many other terms have been used to denote this syndrome. These include staleness, burnout and failing adaptation (Hooper et al. , 1993). Tenenbaum et al. (2003) recently suggested as theoretical model of this condition (Tenenbaum et al. , 2003). Generally speaking, overtraining can be attributed to a combination of high-intensity training at excessive levels and provision of inadequate rest or insufficient time for recovery. There have been arguments as to whether a single, universally agreeable diagnostic index of burnout is possible, case studies have revealed a host of physiological and psychological symptoms. Physiologically overtraining may manifest signs of depressed immune function leading to an increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. The physiology alters so that there are increases in resting heart rate. Endocrinologically, there may be decreases in testosterone levels and increases in cortisol concentration. In some individuals, there may be decreases in maximal blood lactate concentration, which is otherwise expected to be high. All these may culminate into deterioration in athletic performance of the affected person, but there may be psychological symptoms which may include include mood disturbances, feelings of chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, repetitive loading injuries, and quite often insomnia (Cashmore, 2002). The prevalence of this syndrome can be estimated from Morgan (2000) that over 50% of both male and female marathon runners have at least sometimes suffered from burnout in some time. As a paradox, burned out athletes tend to try harder and perform increasingly worse. There are many factors associated with this phenomenon. Literature has revealed that these factors may include â€Å"inadequate recovery time between bouts of training, prolonged or over-intense training regimes, personal problems and inadequate coping resources† (Weinberg and Gould, 1999). Morgan (2000) also claimed that mood disturbance in these individuals may be etiologically related to burnout, although there have been disputes against this claim. In general, it has been shown that people who exercise vigorously tend to suffer from symptoms of mood changes, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, lack of appetite, or feelings of guilt. Bill Norris, the principal trainer on the American Tennis Professionals’ tennis tour, observed recently that problems of injury and burnout stem from a combination of the â€Å"never-ending pursuit of achievement and the inability of coaches to understand that the human body can only take so much for so long† (cited in Evans, 2002, p. 24). Consequently excessive stress is an important initiating event for psychological, emotional, and physical withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable sport. As Gould et al. (2002) concurs exercise or sport burnout can be defined as the â€Å"manifestation or consequence of the situational, cognitive, behavioural, and physiologic components of excessive stress† (Gould et al. 2002). This phenomenon has been embodied most strikingly in teenage sports performers or athletes, who have spectacular and sudden rise with similarly abrupt and premature decline. Many young tennis prodigies can be used as examples to illustrate this phenomenon, and even some of them despite being prolific achievers could not go to the extent that they would have. Moreover, some of them fell prey of recurring back or neck problems or other chronic injuries. History suggests that a combination of parental pressure and coaching tyranny was operational in leading to halt of many promising careers in sporting (Gould et al. 2002). There had been attempts to explain the phenomenon of sports burnout through different theoretical framework. The progression of burnout has been presumed to be due to pressure of training and development of competitive approaches. This demand is interpreted by the athletes’ psyche in a different manner, and some indeed end up seeing it as a threatening situation. If the demand is perceived to be threatening, the youth usually demonstrates physiological responses, which are characterised by fatigue or insomnia. In the next state, these physiological responses lead to strategies for coping, which in turn may manifest as diminishing levels of competitive performance. This may lead to interpersonal problems of the affected individuals and failure of coping may lead to complete withdrawal from sport or any other athletic activity. It has been argued that it is difficult to generalize since to cause this, many subjective factors, such as, self-esteem, ambition, and personal anxiety may play important roles. Lonsdale et al. (2009) had examined the potential factors contributing to the psychological impacts of sports burnout. They used self-determination theory by employing a cross-sectional design with the primary aim to investigate the behavioral regulations and athlete burnout. It has been shown that less self-determined motives showing positive associations and more self-determined motives showing negative correlations with burnout. Competence, autonomy, self-determined motivation, exhaustion, devaluation, reduced accomplishment, and global burnout play important roles in exercise and sports burnout (Lonsdale et al. , 2009). This means, personality and factors related to motivation influence the different stages of burnout process. Some authors have identified training stress as the determinant of the burnout process. This is a physical characteristic of the burnout process. This occurs due to the fact the body cannot tolerate the physical strain anymore. As an additive, competition also plays important roles. Although in some cases, some of the young people are grown up enough to cope up with the stressors associated with higher level of competition, in many cases, the young competitors experience a psychophysiological malfunction once their bodies fail to respond positively to training. This would affect their mental orientation leading to incapability of meeting the demands placed on their bodies. Brenner et al. (2007) describes burnout syndrome as a series of psychological, physiologic, and hormonal changes that may result in decreased sports performance. The common manifestations have been described as chronic muscle and joint pain, changes in the personality, resting tachycardia, and decreased performance in sports. This is commonly associated with fatigue manifested by lack of enthusiasm about practice or competition. The athlete may also encounter immense difficulty in completing the normal routines of an athlete. Burnout in sports has been recognised as a serious sequel of the syndrome of overtraining. Although this is a serious problem, it can be prevented. Usually, the athletes are encouraged to participate and practice different kinds of sports rather than one particular type of activity. Sometimes these may be prevented though various training adjustment approaches. It has been seen that steps to keep workouts interesting with age-appropriate games and training may prevent it. There should be time off from structured or organised sports at least 1 to 2 days per week, to allow the body and mind to rest. This time may be utilised in other activities. The trainer must allow longer scheduled breaks from training and competition every 2 to 3 months, but during this time, he must focus on other activities involved with cross training so his loss of skill and level of conditioning does not deteriorate (Brenner et al. , 2007). Conclusion The detrimental effects of high level exercise are numerous. There is risk of over-use injury, potential for excessive weight loss, mood disturbance, psychological burnout, eating disorders, depression, and low level of psychological wellbeing. Recently, there has been a growth of research interest in the areas of personal problems. These include stress and burnout afflicting people involved in sport and exercise. Research also suggests that not infrequently exercise habit can have adverse consequences. For certain vulnerable population practicing athletics, sports, and physical activities, exercise is associated with specific psychopathologies. Furthermore, a variety of physiological hazards to health have been demonstrated to be associated with habitual physical activity and/or sport. These include metabolic abnormalities, such as, hypothermia in swimmers or dehydration in marathon runners; disorders of hemapoeisis, such as, anemia in endurance athletes and cardiac problems, such as, arrhythmia. All these may result from prolonged vigorous athletic activity. On the contrary, it has long been known that intensive training regimens do not always enhance athletic performance. More precisely, when the nature, intensity and/or frequency of athletic training exceed the body’s adaptive capacity and lead to a deterioration in sport performance, then the condition is known as burnout or overtraining. Modern research has suggested many changes. Reference List Brenner, JS. and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness Overuse Injuries (2007). Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes. Pediatrics; 119: 1242 1245. Cashmore, E. (2002). Sport psychology: The key concepts. London: Routledge Evans, R. (2002). â€Å"Breaking point†. The Sunday Times, 19 May, p. 24 (Sport). Gould, D. , Damarjian, N. , and Greenleaf, C. (2002). Imagery training for peak performance. In J. L. Van Raalte and B. W. Brewer (Eds. ), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 49–74). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Hooper, S. L, Traeger Mackinnon, L, Gordon, R. D. , and Bachmann, A W. (1993). Hormonal responses of elite swimmers to overtraining. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 741–747. Lonsdale, C. , Hodge, K. , and Rose, E. , (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self determination perspective. J Sports Sci; 27(8): 785-95. Morgan, W. P. (2000). Psychological factors associated with distance running and the marathon. In D. T. Pedloe (Ed. ), Marathon medicine (pp. 293–310). London: The Royal Society of Medicine Press. Tenenbaum, G. , Jones, C. M. , K

Thyroid Cancer Specific Purpose

The purpose for my informative speech is to inform my audience about Thyroid Cancer. Thesis: How often do you know people with Thyroid Cancer? Not much? Thyroid Cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck. Many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically fewer than 5% of these nodules are found to be malignant. Organization Format: My Speech will be organized in Chronological order. Introduction: I.Attention getter: I believe that if, at the end of it all according to our abilities, we have done something  to make others a little happier and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances†¦we must try. I didn’t always know this and I am happy that I lived long enough to find it out. -Roger Ebert; thyroid cancer survivor Relevance statement: Today, Thyroid Cancer has the highest cure percentage that any other cancer has. It is common in the United States. According to the National Cancer Institute about 37,000 people are diagnosed with thyroid cancer each year. We know that Thyroid Cancer is curable, but it does have some high side effects. It is also known as a small tumor. Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid. A butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam's apple.Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. II. Topic Disclosure: Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Its Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer. III. Preview: Today I’d like to share with you and educate you on Thyroid Cancer and its Symptoms, treatments, causes and preventions. A. Symptoms: How every individual has different side effects depending how the cancerous the gl and B. Treatments: What is the cure of thyroid cancer, and keeping in good health.C. Causes and Preventions: The cause of Thyroid cancer, how to prevent it and why people get it. Body: 1. Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Many symptoms of Thyroid Cancer can lead to negative side effects. †¢ A. The thyroid is located on your neck by a gland. Swelling of the neck, Difficulty swallowing, enlargement of the thyroid gland, roughness or changing voice, Neck swelling, and Thyroid lump (nodule) are symptoms of thyroid cancer. Some Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer or tumor a person has.Most people don’t know that they have Thyroid Cancer until they go to the doctors and they get examined. 2. The Treatment for Thyroid Cancer varies depending on the type of tumor. A. Having surgery is usually the treatment for the tumor. The entire Gland is removed. If the surgeon notices that the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, then they will also be removed. B. Radiation therapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells. It is delivered by taking radioactive iodine is often used, with or without surgery.Radiation therapy with an external beam of radiation can also be used. C. After the treatment, you need to take a thyroid hormone to replace what your glands used to make. A thyroid hormone is responsible for regulation our hormones. The dose of the treatment is usually a little higher than what your body needs, which helps keep the cancer from returning. D. If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation and has spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy may be used, but this is only effective for a third of patients. 3. The cause in thyroid Cancer can occur in all age groups. A. People who have had radiation therapy to the neck are at higher risk. Radiation therapy was commonly used in the 1950s to treat enlarged thymus glands, adenoids and tonsils, and skin disorders. People who received radiation therapy as children are at increased risk for getting thyroid cancer. As they get older the symptoms are rare. B. 1. There are different causes of Thyroid Cancer. Anaplastic carcinoma (also called giant and spindle cell cancer) is the most dangerous form of thyroid cancer. It is rare, and does not respond to radioiodine therapy.Anaplastic carcinoma spreads quickly and invades nearby structures such as the windpipe (trachea), causing breathing difficulties. 2. Follicular carcinoma accounts for about 30% of all cases and is more likely to come back and spread. 3. Medullary carcinoma is a cancer of nonthyroid cells that are normally present in the thyroid gland. This form of the thyroid cancer tends to occur in families. It requires different treatment than other types of thyroid cancer. 4. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, and usually affects women of childbearing age.It spreads slowly and is the least dangerous type of thyroid cancer. 4. To test someone for Thyroid cancer, you must go to the medical office and a physical examination can reveal a thyroid mass or nodule which is usually in the lower part of the front of the neck, or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A. Once tested, the results can be as stated; showing paralyzed vocal cords, Thyroid biopsy showing anaplastic, papillary cancer cells. Final Transition statement: In conclusion, Thyroid cancer can be cured. It takes a long process to be cured but by staying healthy and getting monthly check up, you life can change.We know that there is a lot of types of thyroid cancer, but some are highly curable. Conclusion: As I educated you about thyroid cancer, I hope everyone has a good vision on the types of thyroid cancer, symptoms, treatment, the cause and why people get thyroid cancer and how people get tested on their glands for thyroid cancer.Works Cited Wyckoff Cindy. Roger Ebert. 2 march , 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . Wikipedia. Thyroid Cancer. 3 Oct ober 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. . 15 October, 2010 .

Protoyping Example

Protoyping Example Protoyping – Article Example Prototyping A of the article and where it was found Identification of The article in this case talks of the five major pitfalls that may be experienced when prototyping. This article may be found in the User Interface engineering website whose link is . It can be scrutinized that a prototyping is also known as Heuristic development. This process involves developing a system via controlled process of trial and error. The Prototype uses high speed development language such as fourth generation language 4GLS. There are two basic methods of prototyping namely; gradually build of the actual system and building the model to create the design (Jared, 2003). The five major pitfalls of prototype described in this article include; it focuses on drawbacks rather than learning. Secondly, It tends to make too much coverage without making sufficient divergence, some prototype such Axure take time to master. It may make one to work on the wrong fidelity especially if there is a lot of jumping and finally there are a lot of evaluation since prototyping tends to be broken down into several stages (Jared, 2003). The one thing about prototyping that surprised you the most The one thing that surprises me about prototyping is that a well design prototype can sell and idea better compared to any other form design. Further, a prototype may come in different shapes and size (Jared, 2003).Purpose of prototyping within the example in the chosen article Based on the article chosen above prototyping serve the following purposes namely; it helps the users to understand the idea better by getting deeper into that idea as well as help to sell the idea to other people. Further prototype reduces time required in exploring an idea (Jared, 2003). ReferenceJared.M.S. (2003).Five Prevalent Pitfalls when Prototyping

Filling Vacancies in the US Senate

Filling Vacancies in the US Senate Senate seats become vacant for a variety of reasons the Senator dies in office, resigns in disgrace or resigns to assume another position, usually an elected or appointed government position.What happens when a Senator dies in office or resigns? How is the replacement handled?Procedures for electing Senators are outlined in Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, as later amended by paragraph 2 of the Seventeenth (17th) Amendment. Ratified in 1913, the 17th Amendment not only changed how Senators are to be elected (direct election by popular vote) but it also outlined how Senate vacancies are to be filled: When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. What Does This Mean in Practice? The U.S. Constitution grants the state legislatures the power to determine how U.S. Senators are to be replaced, including empowering the chief executive (the governor) to make these appointments.Some states require a special election to fill a vacancy. A few states require the governor to appoint a replacement of the same political party as the previous incumbent. Typically, a replacement holds office until the next scheduled statewide election.From the Congressional Research Service: Prevailing practice is for state governors to fill Senate vacancies by appointment, with the appointee serving until a special election has been held, at which time the appointment expires immediately. In the event a seat becomes vacant between the time of a general election and the expiration of the term, however, the appointee usually serves the balance of the term, until the next regularly scheduled general election. This practice originated with the constitutional provision that applied prior to the popular election of senators, under which governors were directed to make temporary appointments when state legislatures were in recess. It was intended to ensure continuity in a state’s Senate representation during the lengthy intervals between state legislative sessions. Exceptions or Where Governors Do Not Have Unlimited Powers: Alaska, Oregon, and Wisconsin do not allow the governor to make interim appointments; state laws require a special election to fill any Senate vacancy. Oklahoma also requires that Senate vacancies be filled by special elections, with an exception. If the vacancy occurs after March 1 of any even-numbered year and the term expires the following year, no special election is held; rather, the governor is required to appoint the candidate elected in the regular general election to fill the unexpired term. Arizona and Hawaii require the governor to fill Senate vacancies with a person affiliated with the same political party as the previous incumbent. Utah and Wyoming require the governor to select an interim senator from a list of three candidates proposed by the state central committee of the political party with which the previous incumbent was affiliated. In the event of a Senator’s death, his or her staff continue to be compensated for a period not exceeding 60 days (unless the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration determines that more time is needed to complete the closing of the office), performing duties under the direction of the Secretary of the Senate.

Understanding of the Chinese traditional value Essay

Understanding of the Chinese traditional value - Essay Example Here, Rationale means to act based on objective truths and laws. Propriety implies suitability or appropriateness. The Chinese traditional value of harmony calls for â€Å"harmony but not uniformity.† coordinating dissimilar things to achieve an appropriate combination and thus move â€Å"from uncoordinated situation to one of coordination; from asymmetry to symmetry; and from imbalance to balance.† (Pan, pg 54) The contemporary Chinese society has put up a strong fight to ensure the maintenance of harmony between individuals and society; between nature and human beings; between communities; and between the mind and the body. This work details the Chinese traditional values with regard to parenting and goes further to compare these values with those forming the western culture. Talking about Chinese parenting, one will not miss to mention words such as strict, controlling and authoritarian. This is well established, especially, when we consider the example given by Amy Chua, a professor in law, who in the recent years candidly opened up her story of how she raised her daughters as a "Tiger Mother." A study by psychologists that sought to establish why Chinese parents were so much controlling found a strong attachment of the parent’s authoritarianism to their traditional values, particularly the one relating to obedience. Parents believe have been found to strongly influence the parenting style preferred not only in china but also in other parts of the world. Comparison between the Chinese parenting values and those of western countries, gives a wide divergence. Such is the case that these values differ not only with regard to family customs, but also the goals set for the children. Having said that lets now consider some of the values as it relates to the two worlds. Parenting style refers to a general scheme that describes how much response and control a parent directs towards his/her children. A study

PetMed Express Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PetMed Express - Essay Example (Porter, 1985) The Force Field Analysis model defines two opposing forces acting on an organization. The driving forces push for change while the restraining forces act as a barrier for change (Falletta, 2005). To achieve the desired change, it needs to unfreeze the current state of equilibrium in an organization by adding driving forces or by eliminating restraints. Once achieved, the organization must refreeze or reestablish equilibrium. The strength of the model is its simplicity. The weakness is the assumptions that disequilibrium is expected to occur; changes occur simultaneously; and equilibrium will be reestablished. Leavitt's Model depicts a diamond shaped model showing interdependence among four variables: structure, technology, task and people. The model illustrates an assumption that changes in one variable affect the other variables. It is similar to opposing forces of the Force Field Analysis. However, the focus is within the internal environment of the organization and excludes the effect of the external environment. (Falletta, 2005) Likert System Analysis addresses seven organizational variables such as motivation, communication, interaction, decision-making, goal setting, control and performance (Falletta, 2005). ... The weakness of the analysis rests on the exclusion of external environment forces that would affect the organization. The measurement also assumes independence on each level. (Falletta, 2005) The Open Systems Theory conceptualizes an organization as a social system which is dependent on the environment they work in. The theory illustrates a repeated cycle of inputs, throughputs, outputs and renewed input with a feedback loop that connects the output and renewed inputs (Falletta, 2005). Weisbord's Six-Box Model follows the open systems theory. The model illustrates six variables in an organization such as purposes, structure, relationships, leadership, rewards and helpful mechanisms. The model also identifies two management systems - formal and informal systems, which are crucial to the effectiveness of an organization. The strength of the model lies on the assumption that the external environment has great influence through the organizational inputs and outputs. The model also takes into consideration the suitability of an organization to its environment. However, the model does not make any direct causal statement regarding the interconnections between variables. (Falletta, 2005) The Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model also follows the open systems theory that assumes an organization as a dynamic, open social system within a larger environment where behavior occurs at the levels of an individual, a group and the whole system. As with Weisbord's model, it takes into account the formal and informal systems. The strength of the model lies on the consideration of the interaction and congruence between the individuals, group and system. The external

German and german class paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

German and german class - Term Paper Example German health care system is considered one of the finest not only in Europe but also around the world. Hospitals in Germany continue to lead the industry where patients from Eastern Europe, Gulf and Arab nations seek medical care from this country. Germany’s hospitals became the primary choice in health travel because of high level of medical care and technical advances (www.health-tourism.com, Medical Tourism to Germany). Hospitals in Germany by law need to undergo surveillance programs under government supervision. Certifications and accreditations such from DIN or Deutsches Institut fr Normung, TEMOS or Telemedicine for the Mobile Society, and KTQ-GmBH or Cooperation for Quality and Transparency in Health Care must be complied (www.health-tourism.com, Medical Tourism to Germany). Aside from acquiring accreditations and certificates from German Institute for Standardization, physicians undergo strict and thorough training before they can practice. Even when they were still medical students, they underwent basic preliminary scientific study and hands-on clinical study. It will take 5 to 7 years for them to finish their desired specialization which is followed by another examination before they can practice. However, even with this intensive study, Germany still has higher average number of physician than USA and Canada with an average of 368 physicians per 100,000 residents (www.health-tourism.com, Medical Tourism to Germany). Saudi Arabia is also noted for having excellent medical facilities. One of the largest hospitals in Middle East is King Fahd Medical City. This hospital is known to have fine obstetric gynaecological and paediatric departments. When it comes to eye hospitals, one of the best in the world is the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (www.expatfocus.com, Saudi Arabia-Health Care and Medical Treatment). Saudi Arabia committed to improving medical health treatment for

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process ABSTRACT Fruits are important natural sources of human nutrition for regulation of several metabolic functions and maintenance of good health. They are one of the significant commercial food commodities and their economic value depends on several limiting factors. They easily undergo ripening in a shorter period of time and have a limited post-harvest existence. Fruit ripening is a common phenomenon occurring in fruits based on which they are harvested, consumed directly or processed for various purposes. It is an intricate phenomenon involving extremely synchronized, genetically encoded and an irreversible process that results in a sequence of biochemical, physical and organoleptic alterations in a fruit. This finally develops into soft, palatable and a ripe fruit which possess necessary quality characteristics. On the other hand, excessive ripening results in spoilage of fruits. Ripening is related to the modifications of cell wall polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and p ectins. Despite of several changes occurring in fruits such as loss of turgor, starch degradation and loss of contents during ripening, enzyme-catalysed variations to cell wall composition and structure are considered as main reason for softening of fruits. Pectic enzymes are a group of enzymes responsible for pectin degradation in fruits. They are termed as pectinase that includes pectic lyase, polygalacturonase, pectic methyl esterase and rhamnogalacturonase. Pectic enzymes degrade pectin resulting in softening and senescence in fruits. Pectins are the important polysaccharides occurring in middle lamella and primary cell wall. It contributes to the texture, consistency and quality of fruits. Degradation of pectin during ripening process was known to cause fruit tissue softening. Recent developments in molecular biology have helped in better understanding of fruit ripening mechanism due to enzymic activity. A review about the role of pectic enzymes on the plant cell walls to bring about softening during ripening process is discussed. Keywords: Fruits, cell wall polysaccharides, pectin, pectic enzymes, ripening INTRODUCTION Fruits are important sources of human nutrition and it is a commercially essential food commodity. Fruits are greatly specialized structures developed from a matured and pollinated ovary which have aesthetic characteristics with delicate aroma, striking colours, flavour, taste and juiciness from the edible seed vessels or receptacles (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) have indicated that fruits possess a wide variety of nutritional substances like vitamins (B-complex, C and K), phenolics and carotene providing higher energy value. They are classified as temperate, tropical and sub-tropical fruits based on their distribution in nature (Prasanna et al., 2007). When completely matured, harvesting of fruits is done. Maturity and ripening of fruits depends on their catalytic mechanism and based on the respiration pattern and biosynthesis of ethylene during ripening, harvested fruits are grouped as climacteric (capable of ripening after detachment from parent plant) and non-c limacteric (unable to continue ripening when detached from parent plant) type (Prasanna et al., 2007). Fruit ripening is an intricate irreversible phenomenon which is highly synchronized and genetically encoded causing biochemical, physiological and organoleptic alterations resulting in a ripened edible fruit (Prasanna et al., 2007). Several factors involved in ripening of fruits are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Factors involved in fruit ripening (Koning, 1994) Plant cell walls are complex structures which contain polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes. Pectin which contributes about one-third of the plant cell wall in dicots plays a crucial role in tissue development, adherence of cells, apoplastic porosity and so on (Almeida and Huber, 2007). Pectin is in control of maintenance of integrity of cell wall. It forms a cross-link between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans as shown in Figure 2. During ripening, pectin is greatly modified by the enzyme actions resulting in relaxing of cellular interconnections. This leads to loosening and hydrolysis of cell wall polymers which is the main reason for softening of fruit tissues (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Figure 1: Plant cell wall structure (Sticklen, 2008) Texture, an important quality attribute in fruits is altered leading to softening of fruits during ripening (Barret and Gonzalez, 1994). The mechanisms involved in fruit ripening were not understood clearly. It may be due to several factors like turgor loss, starch deprivation, loss of nutritional contents and so on (Ali et al., 2004). The major changes in texture causing softness where due to enzyme-catalysed changes in the cell wall assembly and composition, cell wall polysaccharides (pectin and cellulose) solubilization partially or completely (Waldron and Faulds, 2007). It has been studied by Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) that, Pectic constituents is an important determinant of the firmness and consistency of the fruits (Van Buren, 1991). Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and Pectateliase (PL) are major pectic enzymes responsible for softening of fruit tissues during ripening (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) have also indicated that, combine d action of these enzymes add to the final texture of fruit and when these enzymes undergo excessive reactions with pectin, it results in notorious softening and provides perfect conditions for microbial attack. Gwanpua et al., (2014) studied that softening is one of the significant changes occurring in climacteric fruit ripening. They were more prone to microbial infections and physical damages and may adverse during prolonged storage. Fruit firmness determines its economic value and considerable effects were taken to control softness of fruits due to enzymic action, metabolic changes and changes in storage conditions (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Softening associated with the ripening mediated by the pectic enzyme action on plant cell walls of different fruits is discussed in this study. 2. Pectic enzymes Pectinases are commonly referred to as pectic enzymes. They act upon pectin constituents of cell wall matrix resulting in softening of fruits. Polygalacturonase (PG), Pectin methyl esterase (PME), Pectin lyase (PL) are some of the major pectic enzymes classified based on their type of action involved in degradation of pectins. The modes of action of these enzymes are as shown in figure 2. Figure 3: Mode of action of pectolytic enzymes (Van Rensburg and Pretorius, 2000). PME causes de-esterification by catalysing the pectin methyl group hydrolysis (Prasanna et al., 2007). They were known to usually attack on the methyl ester linkages of a galacturonate entity which lies next to non-esterified galacturonate component. This process acts as a precondition for polygalacturonase activity (Prasanna et al., 2007). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) implicated that pectin methyl esterases (PME) were found to alter pectin in case of low methoxy pectin and in polygalacturonic acid by hydrolysis of methyl ester bonds in esterified carboxyls. It was observed that the softening process could be controlled by the control of this enzyme action in fruits like pear, grape, citrus, tomato, strawberry, arracacha, potato, papaya, kiwi and guava (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011; Prasanna et al., 2007). PG, referred as Pectolytic glycanase is an essential hydrolytic enzyme playing an important role in pectin termination (Prasanna et al., 2007). They act on pectic acids and ÃŽ ±-1, 4- glycosidic bonds are hydrolysed between the residues of galacturonic acid in galacturonans. They are categorized as endo-PG and exo-PG (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) studied that Endo-PG act randomly in pectin de-polymerization and exo-PG releases galacturonic acid by catalysing the glycosidic bonds hydrolysis from the non-reducing end of the pectic substances. It is recognized that middle lamella dissolution in the course of fruit ripening were done by PG. PL undergoes mechanism of ÃŽ ²-elimination of the glycosidic bonds (Prasanna et al., 2007). They also indicated that PL acts an endo-enzyme which acts randomly during cleavage of esterified galacturonate units. PL was known to act at methyl-ester bonds leading to beta-elimination of glycosidic bonds by formation of double bonds in galacturonic acids (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) specified that pectin lyase (PL) enzyme were responsible for cell wall degradation resulting in softening of banana and strawberries. The changes in pectin due to these enzymes action were as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Action of Pectolytic enzymes on pectin (Prasanna et al., 2007) 2.1. Role of pectic enzymes in softening during ripening in different fruit varieties Pectic enzymes play an important role in ripening of fruit by degradation of pectic substances found in fruits. Several researches were conducted in different fruit varieties and in their respective juices to understand the role of pectic enzymes in softening of fruit tissues and their intended use in preparation of fruit juices to enhance mashing of fruits, for clarification of fruit juices and also to increase the release of flavours from fruits (Whitaker, 1984). Invitro-studies of some selected fruits and their pectic enzymic activity is discussed. Besford and Hobson (1972) studied the pectic enzyme activity in tomato fruit and concluded that action of PG/ PME or transelimination by pectic transeliminase were not responsible for tomato ripening. Almedia and Huber (2008) have indicated that softening of tomato fruit during ripening were not associated with the PG activity eventhough they remained active in ripened fruit. Enzymic activities of other fruits are studied comparing with tomato as model fruit (Ali et al., 2004). Pires and Finardi-Filho (2005) have extracted PE and PG from Peruvian carrots to understand the pectic enzyme activities in carrot and found that pectinases along with amylases would act together to bring about spoilage in tubers. Owino et al., (2004) have studied about the alterations in fig fruits during ripening due to changes in cell-wall polysaccharides. They have concluded that qualitative differences in both receptacle and drupelets were observed in pectic polymers compared to the hemi-cellulosic substances. This indicates that ripening of fig is associated with modifications in pectin. Several studies were done to understand ripening of strawberries genetically as it softens rapidly (Pombo et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2006). It was observed that cell wall degradation were due to pectin dissoloution by pectic enzyme activities in strawberries which enters ripening phase quicker overlapping with the senescence. Manrique and Lajolo (2004) discussed about the cell-wall modifications in papaya fruit during postharvest ripening. They found that several enzymic actions are involved in papaya fruit during the entire period. There were notable changes in pectic polymers during papaya ripening which were mainly due to PG activity and probably due to PME as there were charge density modifications in polymers (Manrique and Lajolo, 2004). Avocado fruit undergoes pectin depolymerisation in contrast to other fruits and it was observed that it was the only fruit in which huge amounts of pectin were readily solubilizing under milder conditions (Pesis et al., 1978; Huber at al., 2001). In case of apples, exo-PG, PME and PL activity were observed to cause changes in cell wall polysaccharides (Goulao et al., 2007; Oritz et al., 2011). Studies related to cell wall modification during ripening of apples reveals that exo-PG, PME and PL activity influences softening of apples (Goulao et al., 2007). Studies by Gw anpua et al., (2014) in jonagold apples have shown that increment of PG activity occurred late during ripening and PME activity did not influence the ripening process. Cheng et al., (2011) observed that banana fruit which enters softening during ripening were associated with pectic hydrolytic activity and it was mainly due to the combined effects of PG and PME activity. Abu-Goukh and Bashir (2003) have observed that softening of guava fruit and mango were mainly due to PG and cellulose activity during ripening which resulted in drop in firmness of the fruits. Similarly in case of peaches, softening is due to depolymerisation of pectin by endo-PG activity resulting in solubilization of cell-wall polymers (Yoshioka et al., 2011). 3. CONCLUSION Pectin polymers form a gel-like matrix which provides cell-wall integrity contributing to the firmness of fruits. It stabilizes the texture and colour of the fruit based on which freshness of fruits is determined. Commercial value of fruits is based on these quality attributes. Several researches conducted on different types of fruits indicate that pectic enzymes have an important role in softening of fruit tissues during ripening. They were known to cause pectin solubilization in cell-wall matrices by different modes of action like lysis, de-esterification and glycanase activity. Research studies conducted on selected types of fruits under in-vitro conditions indicated that Polygalacturonase activity is predominant in almost all-types of fruits compare to pectin methyl-esterase and Pectic-lyase activities. Pectic enzymes were not the only factor for softening of fruits during ripening as it is influenced by several other factors like changes in pH, temperature, harvesting period, st orage conditions, physical damage, microbial attack, presence of sugars, other hydrolytic, kinetic and amylase enzymes and so on. Better understanding of mechanism of pectic enzymes on primary cell-walls of fruits would enhance the control of softening and ripening process. This in turn, will improve the quality of fruits extending its shelf-life. Recent advancements favoured the isolation of pectic enzymes commercially which is used intentionally for accelerating the maturation of fruits, added in production of fruit juices to easily crush the fruits, to solubilize the complex cell-wall matrices, to release all nutrients, to control haze formation in juices, to enhance flavour and colour characteristics of fruit juices, and so on. Recent developments in molecular biology have paved a way for genetically understanding the pectic enzyme action on primary cell-walls in fruits. Henceforth, pectic enzymes play a determining role in softening associated with ripening of fruits.

How Does The ?surround-sound? :: essays research papers

How does the â€Å"surround-sound† technique work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surround Sound which was introduced by Dolby Laboratories Inc to position sound around the audience so that the effects within movies would make them feel as though they were really there. The use of directional sound from different points in the room according to their depth, sharpness and clarity was the main goal. Starting off from a standard called Dolby Stereo, two separate channels were introduced, both left and right, so that other speakers could in turn double-up to provide a multitude of left and right channels all around the audience. The input of a effects channel (later called Surround channel) was implemented so that a sense of ambience and spatiality could be experienced from the audience. This surround channel was positioned behind and to the left and right of the audience provided the sound depth that the audio engineers were looking for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This then gave way to a standard, which was known as Dolby Surround, soon followed by Dolby Surround – Pro Logic. This standard incorporated the original two channels for sound, but had an in-built decoder so that the surround channel, and also a center channel (positioned to the direct front of the audience) could be played back to enhance this surround feeling. A many number of speakers could be connected up to enhance the feeling associated with the different types of audio sources, and in turn provide more depth and realism to the audio source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dolby Digital was incorporated into the home cinema as well as movie theatres to provide the ultimate audio reproductive source. The use of individual speaker components positioned around the audience comprising of a front left, front right, surround left, surround right, center, and subwoofer speaker were given their own audio input. This was called Dolby Digital 5.